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analytic characters - nature and structure of communityas you know a community has its own characteristics which are not shown by its individual
ecotone - nature and structure of communitythe zone of vegetation separating two different types of communities is called ecotone it is also known as
community gradients and boundaries it is often difficult or impossible to determine where one community ends and the next begins many communities in
nature and structure of communityevery place on earth -grasslands forests and ponds edge of the river or sea is shared by many coexisting organisms
animals of estuariesthe animals of estuaries and related wetlands such as marshes and swamps are tremendously important not only as denizens of their
plants of estuarythe plants of the estuary are of four basic types phytoplankton marginal marsh vegetation mud-flat algae and epiphytic plants
biota of estuaries the estuarine community is a mixture of three components marine fresh water and brackish waterbut overall estuarine diversity is
water of estuariesthe water of estuaries is turbid because of the great number of particulates in suspension in the water the turbidity is minimum
currents in estuariescurrents in estuaries are caused primarily by tidal action and river flow currents are generally confined to channels but
temperature - estuaries another important variable is temperature the temperature of estuary keeps on fluctuating it heats up and cools down more
features of estuaries the physicochemical properties of the estuaries have large variation in several parameters and this often creates stressful
estuaries - aquatic ecosystemsall the rivers and lakes ultimately drain into the sea however many rivers develop a highly specialised zone before
biota of pelagic zonepelagic region constitutes 90 per cent of the total ocean surface and is less rich in species and numbers of organisms than the
biota of the neritic oceanic zonethis zone constitutes 75 per cent of the total oceanic area and is relatively rich in species and high in
biota of littoral zonethis zone is the shore region of the marine ecosystems and is subject to violence of waves and tides fluctuation of water level
biota of oceans - ecosystemlife in the sea is not particularly abundant though the diversity of organisms is very high almost every major group of
pelagic zone - organisation of the marine ecosystemthe waters contained in the sea basin constitute the pelagic zone which is divided into the
benthic zone - organisation of the marine ecosystemthe benthic zone is divisible into sub zones horizontally these are depicted in a cross section
circulation of nutrients in the coastal zonecirculation of nutrients from the sea bottom to the upper surface occurs in the coastal regions by two
depth and currentsdepththe sea is very deep varying in different regions generally life extends to all depths but is confined more to the continental
pressure and continuitypressurewater pressure increases with depth which varies in the ocean from 1 atmosphere where at the surface to 1000
dissolved gases and alkalinitydissolved gasesthe marine environment serves as a gigantic reservoir of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide which
temperature and concentration of nutrientstemperaturetemperature like salinity remains almost constant in the oceans in contrast to the land or
light - marine ecosystemslight is a limiting factor in the ocean as it contributes significantly to organic production and distribution of marine
marine ecosystems marine ecosystems cover 70 per cent of the earths surface and have an average depth of 3750 m the greatest known depth being 10750