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what are the abnormalities of gaze normal gaze is when visual axes both eyes are parallel in primary gaze when visual axes are not parallel in
laws governing ocular movements herings law of equal innervation states that equal and simultaneous innervation flows from the brain to yoke muscles
state the versions of binocular movementsversions are movements of both eyes in the same directiona dextroversions movements of both eyes tothe right
determine the binocular movementsbinocular movements are those when the relative movements of both eyes are studied together in the directions eg
state the uni-ocular movements in each eye for every movement there is an agonist antagonist and a synergist an agonist is the main muscle that is
what is the axes of fickthe axes of fick show that any eye position can be specified as the amount of rotation around a set of axes fixed in the
define about the listing planelisting proposed that only horizontal movements of the eye are performed around a vertical axis
determine the uni-ocular movementsuni-ocular movements are the movements of one eye studied at a time that means when left eye
explain about the obliques musclesthe superior and inferior oblique muscles form an angle of about 510 with the optical axis the oblique muscles
describe the planes of musclesthe planes of superior and inferior recti in primary position form an angle of about 230 with the y-axis therefore the
state about the recti and oblique muscles the extra-ocular muscles are mainly involved in the maintenance of postural tonicity and performance of
extra-ocular muscles there are as you know six extra-ocular muscles out of these four are rectistraight and two are oblique they control the position
determine about the visual axes of eyesin normal eyes the visual axes are parallel to each other in the primary position of gaze this position is
describe about the extra-ocular musclesthe eye is comprised of extra-ocular and intra-ocular muscles the extra-ocular muscles are comprised of 4
where do the two neuronal pathways diverge for both the neuronal pathways ie light reflex and near reflex the efferent fibres go to are 3rd cranial
what is the swinging flashlight test used forit is done to check the relative afferent pupillary defect in an eye that is blind from optic nerve
where is the defect in the argyll robertson pupilthe defect in argyll robertson pupil is due to light near dissociation because pupil react better to
what are the sign of horners syndrome1 miosis2 ptosis3 enophthalmos4 anhidrosis and5 heterochrome
what is iris colobomacoloboma is a congenital abnormality due to non-fusion of the embryonic choroidal fissure it can affect any part of the eye and
determine the horner s pupil diseasehomers syndrome occurs because of ipsilateral interruption of the sympathetic outflow to the head and neck it can
adies tonic pupilin adies syndrome there is no evident cause for the denervation most patients are women aged 20-40 and have poor light reaction
determine the light-near dissociation testthe near response should be tested in a well lit room so that the object is
describe about the argyll robertson pupil arpargyll robertson pupil arp occurs in patients who have tertiary syphilis there is a light-near
define the disease - marcus gunn pupil rapdrelative afferent pupillary defect occurs in a pupil of an eye that is blirld from optic nerve disease
what are the pupillary defectsthere are certain deviations from normal pupillary reflexes which point towards certain specific