The stomach:
It is a broad chamber, situated below the diaphragm. The size and shape of the stomach depends on the food within it. The stomach volume throughout feeding might increase up to 1.5 lit. Stomach’s main contractile action will generate peristaltic waves. Each wave starts in the body of the stomach and proceeds to the pyloric area. The preliminary wave influences the muscles to shut the pyloric sphincter, a ring of smooth muscles among the duodenum and the stomach.
The internal wall of the stomach is lined with gastric glands. There are almost 40 million glands engaged in generating gastric juice. The principal cells of the lining of stomach secrete enzymes and the parietal cells (i.e., Oxyntic cells) generate HCl to make acidic medium for enzymes.
The enzymes of the stomach are the rennin and pepsin. Pepsin is secreted in a stationary precursor form termed as pepsinogen. The activity due to HCl transforms pepsinogen into pepsin. Pepsin hydrolyses the proteins into small polypeptide chains and peptones. It is mainly efficient in an acidic atmosphere.
Rennin acts on soluble milk protein caesinogen and transforms it into insoluble casein. In the existence of calcium ions casein is precipitated as insoluble calcium-casein compound (i.e., curds).
Repeated peristaltic waves in stomach aid to soften the food. The frequency of contraction is recognized by the fundamental electrical rhythm and remains effectively constant. It is also aided by neural and hormonal persuades. The food leaves the stomach in the form of chyme and comes in the upper small intestine at periodic time intervals.
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