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  Structure of Viruses

Structure of Viruses:

Plant and Animal viruses are composed of a central core of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein covering termed as capsid. The capsid is made up of units termed as capsomeres. Viruses show a characteristic symmetry,

1. Spherical viruses are isohedral,
2. Rod shaped viruses are helical in symmetry.

Certain class of viruses is complicated in symmetry. Some animal viruses, in adding up to the nucleocapsid structure has an outer membrane like structure termed as the envelope. The envelope is made up of lipoproteins. The envelope obscures the symmetry of viruses. Virions with envelopes are susceptible to lipid solvents like ether and chloroform. On the other hand, the bare virions are not affected by the lipid solvents.

Isohedral viruses like adeno viruses, polio viruses, SV15 and blue tongued viruses are spherical in shape and their surface is lattice with matching triangular units.

Helical surface symmetry and structure are the characteristic of tobacco mosaic virus (i.e., TMV) and animal viruses which cause diseases like mumps, measles, influenza and rabies. In these, the nucleo capsid is a flexible structure packed in a fringed lipoprotein envelope. The fringes are made up of glycol proteins. In TMV the nucleic acid core is enclosed by a capsid consisting of closely packed capsomeres set in a helix.

Complex or indecisive symmetry is seen in Pox viruses, T-bacteriophages, these have distinct proteins and lipoproteins.

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