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  Freshwater Management

Freshwater Management:

On human time scale, the quantity of water on the earth is set, for all practical purposes. There is little we can do to make extra water.

However, there are many ways to raise local supplies.

Seeding clouds:

Seeding clouds with dry ice or potassium iodide particles at times can begin rain when water laden clouds and conditions which favor the precipitation are present.

Desalination:

Desalination of ocean water is a technology which has great potential for rising fresh water. The common techniques of desalination are distillation (i.e., evaporation and re-condensation) or reverse osmosis (forcing water under pressure via a semi-permeable membrane whose tiny pores permit water to pass though exclude most salts and minerals). However desalination is still 3-4 times more costly than most other sources of freshwater, it gives a welcome water supply in such places such as Dubai, Oman and Bahrain where there is no other access to fresh water.

Dams, Reservoirs, Canals and Aqueducts:

It is ordinary to trap run off with dams and storage reservoirs and transfer water from regions of excess to regions of deficit utilizing canals, tunnels and underground pipes.

Watershed management:

A series of small dams or tributary streams can hold back water before it becomes a huge flood. Ponds formed by such dams give useful wildlife habitat and stock-watering facilities. Small dams can be formed with simple equipment and local labor, removing the requirement for massive construction projects and enormous dams.

Better agricultural practices:

Sound farming and foresting practices can decrease runoff. Retaining crop residues on field decreases flooding. Minimizing ploughing and forest cutting on steep slopes defends watersheds. Wetlands conservation preserves natural water storage capacity and aquifer recharge areas.

Domestic conservation:

We could save as much as partially of the water we now use for domestic purposes without huge sacrifice or serious changes in our lifestyles. The utilization of washing machines, dish washers and low volume shower heads can decrease water loss.

Industrial conservation:

Almost half of all industrial water utilization is for cooling of electric power plants and other industrial facilities. By installing dry cooling systems, this could be shunted. Cooling water can be recharged; little industrial waste water might be treated, recycled and reused.

 

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