Introduction to the Isomers
Structural Formulas
It is essential to describe structural formulas for organic compounds, since in most cases a molecular formula does not uniquely represent a single compound. Isomers are different compounds having the similar molecular formula and prevalence of organic isomers imitates the extraordinary flexibility of carbon in forming strong bonds to it and to the another elements.
When the atoms' group that form the molecules of different isomers are bonded together in basically different ways, we denote this type of compounds as constitutional isomers. The C4H10O has the seven constitutional isomers and structural formulas for these are drawn in the following table. These formulas stand for the all known and possible C4H10O compounds and exhibit a common structural feature. There are neither double nor triple bonds and no rings in any of these structures. Note: each one of carbon atoms is bonded to four other atoms and saturated with the bonding partners.
Kekulé Formula
Condensed Formula
Shorthand Formula
Structural formulas' Simplification may be get without any loss of information they convey. The condensed structural formulas the bonds to each carbon are lost, but the each distinct structural unit (group) is written with subscript numbers designating multiple substituents, that includes the hydrogen. The symbols for carbon omitted by Shorthand formulas and hydrogen entirely. Each straight line segment stand for a bond, ends and intersections of the lines are carbon atoms and correct number of the hydrogen is computed from the tetravalency of carbon. The Non-bonding valence shell electrons are omitted in these formulas. Developing the ability to visualize a 3-d structure from 2-d formulas requires practice and in most of the cases aid of molecular models. Described earlier, that various types of model kits are available for students and professional chemists and beginning student is encouraged to obtain one.
Note: Constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula, but their physical and the chemical properties may be not same.
Distinguishing Carbon Atoms
When discussing structural formulas, by their structural characteristics it is useful to differentiate the different groups of carbon atoms. The carbon that is bonded to no more than one other carbon atom is known as Primary carbon (1º). The carbon that is bonded to the two other carbon atoms are known as Secondary carbon (2º) and the carbon that is bonded to the three other carbons are known as tertiary (3º) and the carbon that is bonded to the four other carbon are known as quaternary (4º). The three C5H12isomers shown below illustrate these terms.
Differences in the Structure may occur within these four groups, depending on molecular constitution. In the formula of all four 1º-carbons are structurally equivalent (remember the tetrahedral configuration of tetravalent carbon); though the central formula has two equivalent 1º-carbons (bonded to the 3º carbon on the left end) and a single, structurally different 1º-carbon (bonded to the 2º-carbon) at the right end. Similarly, the left-most formula has two structurally equivalent 2º-carbons (next to the ends of the chain), and structurally different 2º-carbon in the middle of the chain. A consideration of the molecular symmetry helps to differentiate structurally equivalent from non equivalent atoms and groups.
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