Introduction of Lanthanide
The Lanthanide or lanthanoid (IUPAC nomenclature) series consists of the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71, from lanthanum till lutetium.
These 15 lanthanide elements, together with the chemically alike elements scandium and yttrium, are often together called as the rare earth elements.
The easy chemical symbol Ln is used in common discussions of lanthanide chemistry to refer to any of the lanthanides. All of the lanthanides except one are f-block elements, resulting in filling of the 4f electron shell; lutetium, a d-block element, is also generally taken to be a lanthanide because of its chemical similarities with the other 14 elements. All lanthanide elements create trivalent cations Ln3+, whose chemistry is determined by the ionic radius which decreases progressively from lanthanum to lutetium.
The lanthanide elements are group of elements with atomic number increasing from 57 i.e. lanthanum) to 71 i.e. lutetium. They are called as lanthanide because the lighter elements in the series are chemically equivalent to lanthanum. Strictly saying both lutetium and lanthanum have been labeled as group 3 elements as they both possess a single valence electron in the d shell. However, both elements are frequently involved in any common discussion of the chemistry of the lanthanide elements.
Chemical element
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Atomic number
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
Density (g/cm3)
6.162
6.770
6.77
7.01
7.26
7.52
5.244
7.90
8.23
8.540
8.79
9.066
9.32
6.90
9.841
Melting point (°C)
920
795
935
1024
1042
1072
826
1312
1356
1407
1461
1529
1545
824
1652
Atomic electron configuration*
5d1
4f15d1
4f3
4f4
4f5
4f6
4f7
4f75d1
4f9
4f10
4f11
4f12
4f13
4f14
4f145d1
Ln3+ electron configuration*]
4f0
4f1
4f2
4f8
Ln3+ radius (pm)
103
102
99
98.3
97
95.8
94.7
93.8
92.3
91.2
90.1
89
88
86.8
86.1
Common Properties of the Lanthanides
1. Silvery-white metals that discolor when expose to air forming oxides.
2. Comparatively soft metals. Hardness increases fairly with higher atomic number.
3. Moving from left to right diagonally the period (increasing atomic number), the radius of every Lanthanide 3+ ion gradually decreases. This is known as 'lanthanide contraction'.
4. High boiling points and melting points.
5. highly reactive.
6. React with water to form hydrogen (H2), gradually in cold or rapidly upon heating. Lanthanides generally bind to water.
7. React with H+ (dilute acid) to liberate H2 (rapidly at room temperature).
8. React in an exothermic reaction with H2.
9. Be on fire easily in air.
10. They are highly strong reducing agents.
11. Their compounds are commonly ionic.
12. At elevated temperatures, many rare earths catch fire and burn vigorously.
13. Most of the rare earth compounds are strongly paramagnetic.
14. Various rare earth compounds fluoresce strongly in ultraviolet light.
15. Lanthanide ions tend to be pale, resulting in weak, narrow, forbidden f x f optical transitions.
Email based Lanthanide Homework Help -Assignment Help
Tutors at the www.tutorsglobe.com are committed to provide the best quality Lanthanide homework help - assignment help. They use their experience, as they have solved thousands of the Lanthanide assignments, which may help you to solve your complex Lanthanide homework. You can find solutions for all the topics come under the Lanthanide. The dedicated tutors provide eminence work on your Inorganic Chemistry homework help and devoted to provide K-12 level Chemistry to college level Chemistry help before the deadline mentioned by the student. Lanthanide homework help is available here for the students of school, college and university. TutorsGlobe assure for the best quality compliance to your homework. Compromise with quality is not in our dictionary. If we feel that we are not able to provide the homework help as per the deadline or given instruction by the student, we refund the money of the student without any delay.
Qualified and Experienced Lanthanide Tutors at www.tutorsglobe.com
Tutors at the www.tutorsglobe.com take pledge to provide full satisfaction and assurance in Lanthanide homework help. Students are getting Chemistry homework help services across the globe with 100% satisfaction. We value all our service-users. We provide email based Lanthanide homework help - assignment help. You can join us to ask queries 24x7 with live, experienced and qualified Chemistry tutors specialized in Lanthanide.
Population in Animal Ecology tutorial all along with the key concepts of tutorial all along with the key concepts of Population genetics, World human population, Population growth, Introduction to Population cycle, Occurrence in mammal populations, Relationships between predators and prey
Theory and lecture notes of Probability Distributions all along with the key concepts of Probability Functions, Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, Random Variable, Multinomial Distribution and Poisson Distribution. Tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on Probability Distributions.
Polymers tutorial all along with the key concepts of Basics of Polymers, Classification of Polymers, Homopolymers, Copolymers, classification of polymers on Mode of Polymerization, classification of polymers on Physical property related to heating, Characteristics and Applications of Polymers
tutorsglobe.com position of stamens assignment help-homework help by online sterile stamen tutors
www.tutorsglobe.com offers answering questions to income elasticity of demand, types of income elasticity, economics assignment help - homework help.
Management Accounting uses the standard and practices of financial accounting and cost accounting additionally to other modern management methods for effective operation of a company.
www.tutorsglobe.com offers hyperbola homework help, hyperbola assignment help, online tutoring assistance, geometry mathematics solutions, conic sections answers by online qualified math tutor's help.
do not wait to secure top grades by hiring quality driven debentures assignment help service by apt tutors at reasonable prices.
www.tutorsglobe.com offers Design Fundamentals homework help, assignment help, case study, writing homework help, online tutoring assistance by computer science tutors.
Optimization of fermentations tutorial all along with the key concepts of Alcoholic Beverages, Beer production, Wine Production, Bread Baking, Fermented Milks, Meat and Fish, Fermenters Design and Operation, Scale Up Process of the Fermentation Process and Antifoams
Theory and lecture notes of Problem reduction all along with the key concepts of problem reduction, Complexity P & NP, Sorting as key data management operation. Tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on Problem reduction.
Cost Reduction Techniques - Budgetary Control, Standard Costing, Inventory Control, Job Study, Works Study and Motion Study, Job Evaluation and Merit Rating, Value Analysis, Reduction in variety of products.
Cost Accounting basically deals with collection, analysis of applicable of cost data for interpretation and presentation for several troubles of management.
Seeking for top-notch Thermodynamics Assignment Help? We provide apt assistance to score high at low prices!
tutorsglobe.com aerial modifications assignment help-homework help by online modifications of stem tutors
1935651
Questions Asked
3689
Tutors
1443871
Questions Answered
Start Excelling in your courses, Ask an Expert and get answers for your homework and assignments!!