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  Types of Chromosomes

Introduction to Types of Chromosomes

The chromosomes are categorized into several types based on shape and position of the centromere. As per to the position of centromere, the eukaryotic chromosomes might be

1. rod shaped (telocentric and acrocentric),

2. L-shaped (sub-metacentric) and

3. V-shaped (metacentric).

There are two category of chromosomes relies on their function. They are as follow:

1. autosomes and

2. sex chromosomes.

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Diagram: Four morphogenic types of chromosomes

Autosomes

They are exists in all the organisms' cells. They manage the somatic features of an organism.  In the human being diploid cell, 44 chromosomes are autosomes while the rest two are sex chromosomes.

Sex chromosomes

In the diploid cells of animals and specific plants, one or more than one special chromosomes are dissimilar from the autosomes in their morphological structures and behaviour.  These chromosomes are included in the sex determination. They are termed as sex chromosomes.  In human, female XX chromosomes and male has XY.

Unusual chromosomes

Unusual chromosomes are abnormal chromosomes.  They are different from the fundamental structure of normal chromosomes. Example: B-chromosomes and Double minutes. B-chromosomes are as well termed as supernumerary and accessory chromosomes.  They are extra chromosomes found in a number of individuals in a population. Example: Maize. They are general in plants and they decrease viability.

Double minutes are unstable chromosome type structures. They comprise no centromere and formal telomeres. They take place in cancer cells that depict resistance against drugs.

Special types of chromosomes

In Eukaryotic organism's specific chromosomes are found only in specific special tissues and are not observed in other tissues.  These special types of chromosomes are larger in size and are termed as giant chromosomes.  In particular plants, they are found in the suspensors of the embryo. There are two kinds of giant chromosomes -

1. Polytene chromosome

Polytene chromosomes were examined by C.G. Balbiani in the year 1881 in the salivary glands of Drosophila. The characteristic aspect of polytene chromosome is that along the length of the chromosome here is a variety of dark bands alternate with clear zones termed as inter bands.  The polytene chromosome comprises very large puff known as Balbiani ring. It is as well termed as chromosomal puff. Like this chromosome occurs in the salivary gland it is termed as salivary gland chromosomes.

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Diagram: Polytene chromosome

2. Lamp brush chromosome.

Lamp brush chromosomes were very firstly examined by Flemming in the year 1882.  It is looked like a shape of brushes. They take place at the diplotene stage of meiotic prophase in oocytes of an animal Salamandor and in unicellular alga Acetabularia's giant nucleus. The extremely condensed chromosome creates the chromosomal axis, from that lateral loops of DNA extend the result of intense RNA synthesis.

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Diagram: Lamp brush chromosome

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