Regulation by Respiratory mechanism:
Respiratory mechanism acts a vital role in the regulation of acid-base balance since the respiratory centre is sensitive to the changes in pCO2.
If there is an increment in pCO2, increased respiration occurs, helping to eliminate the excess CO2. This carries on until the blood regains normal pCO2 and pH. Likewise a fall in the pCO2 leads to slow, hypoventilation, shallow respiration and retention of CO2.
Regulation by renal mechanism:
The lungs can takeout only volatile acids such as CO2 but not the organic acids such as lactic acid and pyruvic acids. These acids are efficiently buffered through the bicarbonate system, however at the expense of the bicarbonate that is known as the alkali reserve of the body. Lungs can remove H2CO3, but cannot restore bicarbonate. This is completed through the kidneys that are the ultimate regulators of acid base balance. In acidemia, to bring the low pH to normal, the excessive H+ ions have to be excreted and bicarbonate excretion should be decreased. This is completed through excreting highly acidic urine (pH 4.5). Alternatively, throughout alkalemia, the kidneys excrete the excess bicarbonate generating alkaline urine (pH 8.2). The three significant mechanisms attributed by the kidneys to circulate the blood pH are:
A. Reabsorption of bicarbonateB. Buffering by phosphate buffersC. Formation of ammonium ions.
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