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  Nitrogenous Bases

Nitrogenous Bases:

Two kinds of nitrogenous bases are initiated within all nucleic acids. These are derived of purine and pyrimidine.

i. Purine Bases:

Purine Bases are all derived from their parent compound purine that consists of a six membered pyrimidine ring fused to the 5 membered imidazole ring, the purine derivatives initiated in nucleic acids are adenine and guanine.

1291_purine bases.jpg

ii. Pyrimidine Bases:

Pyrimidine Bases are all derived from their parent heterocyclic compound pyrimidine. The general pyrimidine derivatives that are initiated in nucleic acids are Uracil, Thymine and Cytosine.

1613_pyrimidine bases.jpg


Minor bases in nucleic acid:

Except the above four bases, specific minor, unusual bases are as well found in DNA and RNA. They are 5 methylcytosine. Those are:

1. N4 acetyl cytosine
2. N6 methyladenine
3. N6
4. N6 dimethyladenine
5. Pseudouracil

Base Pairing:

Base pairing is a necessary characteristic not only to keep the double helical structure of DNA, but as well plays an significant role in DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis.

In DNA:

Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T)    (A=T)
Guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C)    (G ≡ C)

In RNA:

Adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U)    (A=U)
Guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C)    (G ≡ C)

2091_rna.jpg


Chargaffs rule of DNA composition:

DNA has equivalent number of adenine and thymine residues (A=T) and equivalent number of guanine and cytosine (G ≡ C) residues. This is termed as Chargaffs rule of molar equivalence among the purine and pyrimidines in DNA.

Structure of Nucleotides:

Nucleotides are the basic units of nucleic acids. Every nucleotide is having of a

  • Phosphate group
  • Pentose Sugar and
  • Nitrogenous base.

2459_nucleotides.jpg

 

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