Assume that it takes 32 bits to carry each MPLS label that is added to a packet when the "shim" header of Figure 4.42(b) is used.
(a) How many additional bytes are needed to tunnel a packet using the MPLS techniques described in Section 4.5.3?
(b) How many additional bytes are needed, at a minimum, to tunnel a packet using an additional IP header as described in Section 4.1.8?
(c) Calculate the efficiency of bandwidth usage for each of the two tunneling approaches when the average packet size is 300 bytes. Repeat for 64-byte packets. Bandwidth efficiency is defined as (payload bytes carried) ÷ (total bytes carried).
