1. How do North and Thomas de?ne ef?cient institutions? Give examples of institu- tions which are considered to be ef?cient.
2. Discuss the characteristics of dependent development, as emphasised by dependency theorists.
3. How do economic theories of imperialism explain economic stagnation in developing countries?
4. Discuss the concept of dualism. Why is dualism an obstacle to development?
5. Which stages of economic growth are distinguished by Rostow and what are their main characteristics?
6. What are the potential advantages of backwardness?