Question 1: Which one of the following statements regarding rock deformation and strength is correct?
Brittle and ductile deformation occurs when stresses exceed the elastic limit of a material.
Rocks undergo ductile deformation less readily as temperatures and pressures increase.
Elastic deformation is accomplished through internal flow of material.
When rocks are subjected to stress for long periods, very small, ductile deformations accumulate to produce large, permanent, elastic deformations.
Question 2: A reverse fault is one in which _____.
one block has moved up, while the other has moved horizontally.
both blocks have moved horizontally away from each other.
the hanging wall has moved up relative to the footwall.
None of the above
Question 3: Horizontally directed, compressive stress will result in ________ within a sequence of flat-lying sedimentary rocks.
folding
melting
horsts and grabens
hyperextension
Question 4: Which of the following is not true of an anticline?
The limbs dip away from the axis.
When eroded, the youngest rocks are exposed in the center.
It will share a limb with an adjacent syncline.
It forms as a response to compressive stress.
Question 5: A circular outcrop pattern with the youngest rocks in the center is a _____.
structural dome
plunging anticline
structural basin
monocline
Question 6: As faults move, they crush and pulverize the rocks on the opposing blocks. This ground up rock is called _____.
fault grus
slickensides
fault gouge
alluvium
Question 7: The Black Hills of South Dakota are formed on _____.
an eroded syncline with a core of sedimentary rocks
a large horst eroded by Pleistocene glacial outwash streams
a topographic basin filled with thick sequences of coal
an eroded structural dome with a core of crystalline rocks
Question 8: Which of the following are not joints?
Fractures formed by tensional stress and in which one side has moved up relative to the other.
Cracks formed by shrinkage within a cooling lava flow.
Fractures formed within a granite by expansion due to removal of overlying rocks.
Sets of parallel fractures formed by flexure of the crustal rocks.
Question 9: Which of the following would not be a characteristic of the San Andreas fault zone?
sag ponds
deformed and broken bedrock
offset stream channels
steep, near vertical, dip-slip fault scarps
Question 10: The most common type of faulting associated with convergent boundaries is _____.
normal faulting
strike-slip faulting
thrust faulting
elastic faulting
Question 11: The point at which an earthquake originates is called the _____.
focus
epicenter
eye
breaking point
Question 12: Which of the following is correct?
P and S waves travel through liquids, but P waves will not propagate through solids.
P waves travel only through liquids and S waves travel only through solids.
P and S waves travel through solids, but P waves do not propagate through liquids.
P waves travel through liquids, but S waves do not.
Question 13: An earthquake occurs when _____.
strain builds up and is released in elastic rebound
faults slip continually while under stress
rocks at great depth exhibit ductile deformation under great pressure
sediments liquefy under stress
Question 14: A minimum of ____ seismic stations is necessary to locate the source of an earthquake.
2
5
3
10
Question 15: The most damaging earthquakes _____.
are deep focus
result from ductile deformation
are shallow focus
along faults across the mid-ocean ridges
Question 16: Why was the Marina District, San Francisco, heavily damaged in the 1906 and 1989 quakes?
Liquefaction and foundation failures were common.
The epicenters of both quakes were right under the district.
Shaking was no worse than elsewhere in the city, but the district burned following both quakes.
The area is built on solid rock, which caused the seismic waves to be amplified.
Question 17: On the Richter Scale, a magnitude 6 earthquake has ____ times more energy than a magnitude 5.
10
1,000
32
2
Question 18: The _______ Intensity Scale is a measure of the damage and effects caused by an earthquake.
Mercalli
Richter
Pasteur
Ralston
Question 19: Seismic gaps are _____.
unusually quiet zones along known active faults
segments of active faults with creep rates of up to 2 cm per year
areas of no faulting, bounded by areas of faulting
inactive faults associated with water gaps
Question 20: Which of the following is not a possible effect of an earthquake?
landslides
fires
tsunami
hydrolysis
Question 21: The complete picture of the composition and layers of the Earth's interior has been determined by _____.
the exclusive study of rocks at the Earth's surface
the study of the behavior of seismic waves
deep Earth drilling projects
the study of distant proto-planets
Question 22: Seismic waves will ___________ when they encounter plastic material.
speed up
travel straight paths
disappear
slow down
Question 23: The thickest continental crust is found
under mountain ranges
in the center of the cratons
under the deep ocean
in areas of extension
Question 24: The inner core is ______; while the outer core is _______.
liquid; solid
nickel/iron; silica/calcium
solid; liquid
cool; hot
Question 25: The _______ of the Earth does not transmit S waves.
outer mantle
inner crust
outer core
deep mantle
Question 26: The _______ is the seismic discontinuity that forms the boundary between the crust and the mantle.
Benioff zone
Moho
"D" Layer
Mata
Question 27: The _______ of the Earth did not exist early in Earth's history.
inner core
outer core
crust
lower mantle
Question 28: The upper mantle is probably the rock _________.
peridotite
granite
pegmatite
greenschist
Question 29: The profile of Earth's temperature with depth is the _____.
conductivity curve
Mohorovicic Plasticity Scale
hypothermal gradient
geothermal gradient
Question 30: The Earth's magnetic field originates by __________.
weak electrical currents associated with hot, rising, mantle plumes
magnetic minerals grains in the inner core
weak electrical currents associated with fluid motions in the outer core
magnetization of oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the atmospheric ozone layer by solar radiation