1. ________________ measures blood flow to brain areas in the active brain.
Event-related potential
Positron emission tomography
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging
2. The myelin sheath insulates the ___________ so that the impulse travels more efficiently and strengthens the connection to adjacent neurons.
synapse
axon
serotonin
acetylcholine
3. Which of the following statements is true about the use of substance BrdU in neurogenesis?
It hampers research as it conceals neural growth from detection.
It is a non-radioactive substance and is risk free while conducting research on individuals.
It is used to track how aggressively cancerous tumors are growing among cancer patients.
It usually fails to identify new cells and hence is not helpful in studying neurogenesis.
4. Which of the following statements is true about the experiment conducted by Elizabeth Gould on neural growth among mammals?
The brain of the animals that lived in environmentally complex settings showed brain growth in areas important for thinking and feeling.
Higher rates of neurogenesis were found in animals that were reared in cages.
Stress resulted in more neurogenesis in mammals.
Impoverished environments resulted in more neurogenesis in mammals.
5. ______________ is used to record the electrical activity of the brain.
Magnetic resonance imaging
Electrocardiography
Electroencephalography
Magnetoencephalography
6. Neuroscientists conducted research with taxicab drivers in London and found that taxicab drivers, who are required to learn and navigate large areas of cities, had the _______________ that was larger than that of other drivers.
hippocampus
medulla
reticular formations
hypothalamus
7. The _______________ lobes make up the top and rear sections of the brain.
occipital
parietal
temporal
frontal
8. The all-or-none principle states that:
if a neuron is not used for a certain period of time, it will disintegrate.
only specific neurotransmitters will exert effects on some brain regions.
once the threshold has been crossed, an action potential either fires or it does not.
an individual has a dense concentration of mirror neurons or none at all.
9. The secondary form of inheritance via epigenetics is sometimes referred to as ______ inheritance.
blending
soft
traditional
hard
10. The ____________ is an important region of the frontal lobe and it descends from the top of the head toward the center of the brain
primary visual cortex
somatosensory cortex
primary motor cortex
auditory cortex
11. In the process of ___________, enzymes specific to that neurotransmitter bind with the neurotransmitter and destroy it.
enzyme reuptake
neurogenesis
enzymatic degradation
encoding
12. The adrenal glands produce _________, a class of chemicals that includes the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
sympathomimetics
catecholamines
phenethylamine
amphetamine
13. The ________________ is the part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord.
autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
central nervous system
14. As Salma views a famous Impressionist painting that is hung on a wall, her ___________ receive visual information about the art and carry this information to her brain.
sensory neurons
motor neurons
interneurons
mirror neurons
15. All of the systems that are aroused by the _____________ are relaxed by the ________________.
autonomic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system; somatic nervous system
somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
16. The best-known and biggest functional difference between the cerebral hemispheres is in __________.
sound
sight
language
feel
17. The __________ potentials bring the neuron closer to threshold, while the _______ potentials bring it farther away from threshold.
inhibitory; actual
resting; excitatory
graded; resting
excitatory; inhibitory
18. At the end of the axon, at each synapse, is a(n) _________ containing tiny sacs of neurotransmitters.
synaptic vesicle
ion
terminal button
norepinephrine
19. What happened when Phineas Gage sustained an injury to his frontal lobes when he was shot through the head with an iron bar in a railroad accident?
He lost all motor functions on the right side of his body.
He lost his vision and sense of touch.
His personality changed.
He could identify objects in his left visual field but not in his right visual field.
20. The ____________ is a small, almond-shaped structure located directly in front of the hippocampus.
amygdala
cortex
cerebrum
parietal lobes
21. A(n)____________ is a large coiled molecule that contains genes.
DNA
allele
gamete
axon
22. The temporal lobes house the _______________.
primary motor cortex
auditory cortex
primary visual cortex
somatosensory cortex
23. ____________ studies allow researchers to assess how genetic differences interact with environment to produce certain behavior in some people but not in others.
Gemellology
Genome mapping
Gene-by-environment
Gene-by-behavior
24. After three-month-old Sayuri watches her father stick out his tongue, she sticks out her own tongue too. It is likely that ____________ neurons are involved in Sayuri's learning and imitation of this behavior.
olfactory
leukocyte
tactile
mirror
25. We see and imagine because of the functions of the __________.
occipital lobes
parietal lobes
temporal lobes
frontal lobes
26. Our perception of loudness is perceived by the ________ of a sound wave.
frequency
amplitude
timbre
pitch
27. The ________ is a thin layer of nerve tissue that lines the back of the eye.
pupil
retina
iris
lens
28. Ruth is at a junkyard looking for spare parts for her car. As she wanders through the rows of cars, she happens upon a particular car which has a familiar set of wheels, windshield, doors, hood, and trunk, and she realizes she is looking at her own model of car. This type of visual perception is known as _______.
atmospheric perspective
bottom-up processing
perceptual constancy
difference threshold
The blind spot of the eye:
28. is the visual complement of the retina.
contains no receptor cells.
controls the amount of light entering the eye.
has the highest concentration of cones in the retina.
30. Which of the following is true of the papillae at the center of the human tongue?
They contain no taste cells and therefore can taste nothing.
They are responsible for processing sweet taste.
They are responsible for processing sour taste.
They are responsible for processing umami.
31. What is a difference threshold?
It is the smallest amount of change between two stimuli that a person can detect half of the time.
It is the process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory experience.
It is the highest amount of physical stimulation that an individual can detect half of the time.
It is the lowest level of a physiological stimulus that humans can sense half of the time.
32. We see images with the greatest clarity when they are focused on the _______.
lens
iris
fovea
retina
33. The Gestalt tendency to group like objects together is known as _______.
continuity
similarity
proximity
closure
34. Processing in which perception of the whole guides perception of smaller elemental features is called _______.
top-down processing
perceptual constancy
opponent process theory
atmospheric perspective
35. ________ is the study of how people psychologically perceive physical stimuli such as light, sound waves, and touch.
Psychoanalysis
Psychophysics
Psychogenesis
Psycho-perceive
36. Which part of a person's eyes are photoreceptors that help her see the path in front and the trees around her when she is walking in the woods at night?
The lens
The cones
The rods
The pupils
37. ________ ensures that we notice changes in stimulation more than stimulation itself.
Perception
Sensory adaptation
Convergence
Accommodation
38. The ________ sends information either directly to the smell-processing areas in the cortex or indirectly to the cortex by way of the thalamus.
corpus callosum
olfactory bulb
hypothalamus
limbic system
39. ________ occurs when a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated.
Allochiria
Myopia
Synesthesia
Presbyopia
40. Nate is farsighted. Which of the following happens to visual images focused on his retina?
Images focus behind the retina.
Images focus in front of the retina.
Images focus in the center of the retina.
Images focus on the top of the retina.
41. Atmospheric perspective:
primarily involves parallel lines that converge or come together the farther away they are from the viewer.
comes from looking across a vast space into the distance in the outdoors.
depends on the location of the eyes in the head.
is seen in 3D technology in movie theatres that uses polarizing filters.
42. Jay studies psychophysics. In his laboratory, he conducts experiments that study _______.
the role of genetics in animal behavior
the cognitions of individuals while they exercise
how mental illnesses or behavioral disturbances may be due to psychological cause
how individuals psychologically perceive physical stimuli
43. Which of the following describes Weber's law?
Muscles control the shape of the eye's lens to adjust to viewing objects at different distances.
What an individual sees and hears is completely dependent on her or his perception and desire.
The size of a just noticeable difference in stimuli perception is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus.
The texture of a surface becomes more tightly packed together and dense as the surface moves to the background.
44. Transduction can be defined as:
the stimulation of our sense organs by the outer world.
the act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience.
the diminishing ability of sensory adaptation.
the conversion of physical into neural information.
45. The trichromatic theory explains processing at the retina or cone, of which there are three types. The ________ explains more about how cells in the LGN of the thalamus and visual cortex process color information.
gate control theory
signal detection theory
apparent motion theory
opponent process theory
46. ________ in the visual cortex analyze the retinal image and respond to specific aspects of shapes, such as angles and movements.
Feature detectors
Photoreceptors
Olfactory neurons
Glial cells
47. In which part of the brain do the signals from taste and smell meet?
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Corpus callosum
Nucleus accumbens
Orbitofrontal cortex
48. The scale for a sound's loudness is _______.
amps
hertz
ohms
decibels
49. ________ are photoreceptors that are responsible for color vision and are most functional in conditions of bright light.
Cones
Rods
Lenses
Fovea
50. Which of the following is a theory of color vision that can account for the color afterimage of the American flag as well as help explain some instances of color blindness?
Signal detection theory
Opponent process theory
Gate control theory
Trichromatic color theory