1. The requirement for establishing causality that there be no third variable involved beyond the cause and effect variables is addressed in which threat to validity?
a.external validity
b. statistical conclusion validity
c. construct
d. validity internal validity
2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a cross-sectional study
a. It is conducted at only one point in time.
b.It can be explanatory, descriptive, or exploratory.
c.It concentrates on the changes that take place among a specific sample over a period of time.
d. It provides a means for studying a large population at the same point in time.
3. Which of the following is not one of the three criteria for causality, according to the text?
a.The cause must precede the effect in time.
b.The two variables must be empirically correlated with one another.
c.The observed empirical correlation is not spurious.
d.All of the above are criteria for causality.