Q1. ____ developed the learned helplessness model.
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Albert Bandura
c. Martin Seligman
d. Abraham Maslow
Q2. Systematic problem solving involves
a. generating alternative courses of action.
b. listing only plausible resolutions.
c. focusing on guaranteed solutions.
d. focusing on emotional outcomes.
Q3. The reinforcement of successively closer approximations of a desired response is known as
a. shaping.
b. extinction.
c. continuous reinforcement.
d. negative reinforcement.
Q4. Coping strategies in different situations mean that ____ is more desirable than ____.
a. flexibility; consistency
b. consistency; flexibility
c. stability; flexibility
d. stability; consistency
Q5. Which of the following is an example of positive reinterpretation?
a. cutting your losses
b. learning the hard way
c. comparing yourself to those who are better off
d. looking for something good in a bad experience
Q6. Albert Ellis believes that problematic emotional reactions to stress are caused by
a. unpleasant events.
b. catastrophic thinking.
c. excessively logical thinking.
d. the over-reliance on defense mechanisms.
Q7. Compared to depressed people, 'normal' people tend to ____ the degree to which they control chance events.
a. underestimate
b. overestimate
c. less accurately estimate
d. more accurately estimate
Q8. Seeking social support is considered a(n) ____-focused strategy of constructive coping.
a. appraisal
b. emotion
c. problem
d. cognition
Q9. Advertisers of personal care products are tapping into the ____ motive.
a. self-enhancement
b. self-improvement
c. self-assessment
d. self-verification
Q10. Which of the following theorists was the first to suggest that people tend to attribute behavior to either internal or external causes?
a. Fritz Heider
b. Albert Bandura
c. Erik Erikson
d. Sigmund Freud
Q11. Research suggests that a preference for an 'ought self-guide' is strongly associated with a positive temperament and parental warm, while a preference for the 'ideal self-guide' is strongly associated with a negative temperament and parental rejection.
a. true
b. false
Q12. The best way for parents, teachers, and coaches to instill high self-efficacy in children is to
a. set low, attainable goals to increase the probability of frequent success.
b. set high, attainable goals and encourage children to persevere until they succeed and learn from their mistakes.
c. set high, unattainable goals that teach children to persevere even when they cannot succeed.
d. set high, unattainable goals that teach children how to accept defeat.
Q13. A mismatching of self-perceptions is termed
a. ideal self.
b. self-discrepancy.
c. self-complexity.
d. self-awareness.
Q14. The notion that people prefer to receive feedback from others that is consistent with their own self-views is called
a. self-enhancement.
b. self-verification.
c. self-serving bias.
d. downward social comparison.
Q15. People assess personal worth through
a. authentic self.
b. public self.
c. self-esteem.
d. self-ideal.
Q16. With the self-presentation strategy of ____, people try to present themselves as weak and dependent in order to get favors from others.
a. ingratiation
b. self-promotion
c. intimidation
d. supplication
Q17. Threats to personal and social identity motivate individuals to restore
a. social order.
b. self-esteem.
c. 'old-fashioned' discrimination.
d. cooperation.
Q18. The advertising phrase, 'Get them while they last!' makes use of which of the following compliance tactics?
a. consistency
b. scarcity
c. reciprocity
d. both consistency and scarcity
Q19. Research suggests that people are likely to make attributions about most people they met.
a. true
b. false
Q20. Research indicates that Koreans are less prone to the fundamental attribution error than Americans.
a. true
b. false
Q21. The attribution process refers to the inferences we make about the
a. causes of behavior.
b. consequences of behavior.
c. nature of our self-concept.
d. likelihood of failure on a given task.
Q22. Attractive people are most likely to have an advantage in which of the following types of situations?
a. social
b. academic
c. work-related
d. sports-related
Q23. Defensive attributions help people maintain a belief in a(n)
a. 'just world'.
b. 'imperfect society'.
c. distorted sense of cultural identity.
d. synchronized society.
Q24. A one-sided argument is most likely to be effective when the audience is
a. mostly college students.
b. just returning from lunch.
c. uneducated about the issue.
d. very curious about the message.
Q25. Internal attributions ascribe causes of behavior to
a. situational factors.
b. interpersonal factors.
c. environmental factors.
d. personal dispositions.