QUESTION 1: Which of the following is a basic element of classical criminology?
Human behavior is a product of social, biological, or economic forces that can be empirically measured.
Crime exists because of a lack of norms or clear social standards.
Crime is attractive when it promises great benefits with little effort.
Crime is a product of the capitalist system.
QUESTION 2: Rational choice theorists view crime as both _________ and ________ specific.
Offense and offender
Reward and offender
Victim and offender
Offense and victim
QUESTION 3: ______________ behavior is any action that departs from the social norms of society.
Deviant
Illegal
Criminal
Misdemeanor
QUESTION 4: Which was the first written criminal code?
Common Law Code
Mosaic Code
Code of Hammurabi
QUESTION 5: To address the nonreporting issue, the federal government sponsors the:
IPSR
UCR
FDIC
NCVS
QUESTION 6: ____________ deterrence holds that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts.
Broad
Interval
Intermediate
Specific
QUESTION 7: ____________ uses multiple advances computational methods, including artificial intelligence, to analyze large data sets usually involving one or more data solutions.
Data mining
Crime mapping
Logic bombing
Trojan horsing
QUESTION 8: Criminologists look for _________ crime-rate patters to gain insight into the nature of crime.
Increasing
Decreasing
Random
Stable
QUESTION 9: In the past, how did criminologists view crime victims?
As an indirect role in a criminal incident.
As merely the passive targets of a criminal's anger or greed.
As fully responsible for the criminal incident.
As an active role in the incident.
QUESTION 10: People who are crime victims are ___________ likely to commit crimes themselves.
Less
Equally
Not
More
QUESTION 11: People living ___________ are more likely to be vandalized.
On military bases
In rural areas
In suburban communities
In cities
QUESTION 12: Victim precipitation can be either:
Scientific or empirical
Active or passive
Encouraged or discouraged
Instigated or non-responsive
QUESTION 13: Shoplifting and vandalism are considered ________ thrills because getting away with crime is a thrilling demonstration of personal competence.
Cunning
Tricky
Sneaky
Sexy
QUESTION 14: What occurs when increased patrols in one community shift the crime to a more vulnerable neighborhood?
Diffusion
Replacement
Discouragement
Displacement
QUESTION 15: What is the repetition of criminal behavior called?
Recidivism
Retaliation
Reparation
Restitution
QUESTION 16: ____________ assumes that behavioral traits may be inherited but that they may also evolve.
Sociobiology
Meta-evolution
Microbiology
Biophysics
QUESTION 17: When looking at the connection between genetics and crime, researchers have evaluated all the following except:
Parental deviance studies
Adoption studies
Twin studies
Diet studies
QUESTION 18: According to social learning theories, violence is learned through a process called
Information processing
Behavioral modeling
Sharing
Personification
QUESTION 19: One's personality reflects a characteristic way of _____________ life's demands and problems.
Ignoring
Adapting to
Rejecting
Manipulating
QUESTION 20: Monozygotic twins will have the same personality.
True
False
QUESTION 21: Problem behaviors typically involve family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment.
True
False
QUESTION 22: The more crime a person commits, the less likely he or she is to suffer premature death.
True
False
QUESTION 23: Most young criminals desist and do not become adult offenders.
True
False
QUESTION 24: The basic premise of ___________ theory is that there is more than one path to crime and more that one class of offender.
Life course theory
Propensity theory
Trajectory theory
Critical theory
QUESTION 25: Which of the following is NOT an element of impulsivity?
Physical
Shortsighted
Verbal
Insensitive