Which of the following describes the deductive approach to research?
1.A researcher makes empirical observations, and based on these observations he or she develops a theory.
2.A researcher develops several hypotheses to explain a correlation he or she has observed between two factors.
3.A researcher establishes causation and then develops a theory to explain it.
4.A researcher starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or refine the original theory.