Problem
The statistical tool known as the "chi-squared" is described. This tool is commonly used by researchers when trying to determine whether or not "observed" data differs statistically from "expected" data. The (Table 4.3 on page 116) analyzes Patient Discharge destination, as expressed by the binary labels of "Home" and "Not Home". In this example, the "Not Home" designation could indicate that the patient has been discharged to a Long Term Care setting, a Psychiatric facility, a Rehabilitation Center, or some other clinical treatment setting. If you were analyzing surgical data, which binary labels might you use for analyzing outcome data for patients who underwent Open Heart surgery?