Problem:
Reword. Automatic reinforcement occurs when the behavior itself produces reinforcing sensory outcomes, while social reinforcement arises from interactions with caregivers, teachers, or peers, making it essential for socially functional language (Stephens, 2011). The effectiveness of these contingencies is further influenced by motivating operations (MOs), which temporarily alter the value of a reinforcer and evoke behavior, and by discriminative stimuli (SDs), which signal the availability of reinforcement for specific responses (Michael, 1993; Cooper et al., 2020). In early language interventions, the type of reinforcement used can significantly affect learning outcomes. Natural reinforcement, such as social attention, praise, or access to preferred activities, is intrinsic to functional communication and promotes generalization of skills across settings (Stokes & Baer, 1977; Sundberg & Michael, 2001). Artificial reinforcement, such as tokens, edibles, or structured reward systems, can accelerate skill acquisition in the early stages of learning, particularly when natural reinforcement is insufficient to maintain behavior (Lovaas, 1987; MacDuff, Krantz, & McClannahan, 2001). A balanced application of natural and artificial reinforcers allows practitioners to build new verbal repertoires efficiently while ensuring that learned behaviors remain socially meaningful and sustainable. Need Assignment Help?