Assignment
I. According to Loys Le Roy, what technological innovations transformed his age?
II. What theological objections did Martin Luther have in regards to Pope Leo X's policies?
III. What role did the printing press play in the Protestant Reformation?
IV. How did John Calvin's teachings differ from the teachings of Roman Catholics and Lutherans?
V. What was the outcome of the Council of Trent and were these efforts (the Catholic Reformation) successful in slowing the spread of the Protestant Revolution?
VI. What new forms of Christianity emerged during the Protestant Reformation and where were these forms of Christianity practiced?
VII. Why can it be argued that the Protestant Reformation increased conflict between Europeans?
VIII. In what ways did the earthquake that struck Lisbon in 1755 represent beliefs held by Europeans that natural events could have supernatural causes?
IX. In what ways were witch-hunts a reflection of European's beliefs in spiritual causes of natural events as well as the patriarchal structure of European patriarchal civilization?
X. How did the work of the Copernicans (Nicholas Copernicus and Galileo in particular) change the way that people would think about the earth?
XI. How did the Catholic Church respond to the work of the Copernicans and how did Galileo respond the Church?
XII. What was the Deist perspective on God and why does it help to ease conflicts between science and religion?
XIII. What were the scientific achievements of Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton?
XIV. What would concern an Enlightenment philosopher?
XV. Why is it safe to say that the Netherlands was an economic power during this period?
XVI. In what way do the bourgeoisie represent the economic transformation that Europe was undergoing?
XVII. In what ways did European maps of this period reflect how Europeans saw their place in the world? How did this viewpoint compare to that of the Chinese?
XVIII. What role did family play in Europe's economic system?
XIX. How did joint-stock companies reflect the growing role of the middle class and improve the economies of European nations?
XX. Why is the growth of the English merchant fleet in the 17th century an example of the competition that existed between European nations?