The materials we have covered after spring break have discussed representation and participation in various ways. According to the readings and class lectures, what are some forms of political representation and of participation? How have groups been excluded? How have different groups reacted to exclusion and how have they mobilized for change? How do they assert their need for participation and/or representation? What types of factors have influenced whether or not they have gained greater participation, recognition, and/or representation? The material contains some different views on these questions, compare and contrast them. When you mention a concept or idea, elaborate on what that means.
Use ONLY the readings assigned for this class and discussions in class sessions; do NOT use outside resources or your otherwise attained knowledge as the point is to examine your familiarity with and understanding of the material we have covered. As you answer the question, you need to refer throughout specifically to the material from which your response comes. Use the materials covered in Weeks Ten (Reform and Ways of Acting for Change), Eleven (National Identity and vs. Ethnicity), and Twelve (Representation & Quotas).