Practice Questions 10
Topics Covered: Externalities and Public Goods
1. (Externality)
Suppose that in the market for paper, demand is P=100-Q. The private cost of producing paper is 10+Q. However, pollution generated by the production process creates a per unit external harm (i.e., negative externality) equal to 0.5Q (i.e., the level of the externality increases with the quantity produced).
(a) What is the (unregulated) market equilibrium and quantity if the externality is not corrected for in this market?
(b) What is the socially optimal quantity of paper that should be produced? Draw a picture to show both the unregulated market equilibrium and the socially optimal equilibrium.
(c) Suppose that the government wants to achieve the socially optimal quantity by imposing a tax on producers. What would be the size of the tax per unit of paper?
2. (Public goods)
Suppose that Sue and Joe are only the residents of the city of Madison. They need to determine the number of fire workers Madison should have. Fire workers satisfy the characteristics of a pure public good. The marginal benefit that each person receives (in dollar terms) is given by the following table.
|
# of
Fire workers
|
Marginal
benefit
for Sue
|
Marginal
benefit
for Joe
|
|
1
|
10
|
6
|
|
2
|
9
|
5
|
|
3
|
8
|
4
|
|
4
|
7
|
3
|
(a) Find the marginal benefit of the second fire worker to Sue and Joe taken as a whole.
(b) Suppose that a wage of a fire worker is $12. Find the efficient number of fire workers.
3. (Example of positive externalities)
Positive externalities are created when
(a) consumers reduce their demand for coffee and price thereby declines.
(b) farmers spray pesticide in their fields and it washes into the local river.
(c) your neighbor plants beautiful flowers in her yard and you enjoy looking at them.
(d) None of the above.
4. (Externalities of public goods)
In the market for a public good, the equilibrium quantity of the good produced is too low because
(a) a public good is an example of a positive externality.
(b) the benefits of the good are not fully internalized by the producer.
(c) a public good is an example of a negative externality.
(d) (a) and (b)
5. (Production of goods with externalities)
A good with a negative externality will be - by an unregulated market. Public goods are typically - due to there being a -.
(a) undersupplied; oversupplied; negative externality
(b) oversupplied; oversupplied; free rider problem
(c) oversupplied; undersupplied; negative externality
(d) oversupplied; undersupplied; free rider problem
(e) undersupplied; undersupplied; negative externality