The professor is thinking about requiring a remedial statistics course for students who do not do well on the pretest; however, he is not sure if this would be helpful. Thus, he wishes to determine whether prior statistical knowledge assists students in their performance on the final exam. He poses the following question: What is the relationship between pretest scores and final exam scores after controlling for cumulative GPA? He also wants to know about the relationship between pretest scores and final exam scores without the influence of the GPA.