1. Which of the following describes the order of epidermal layers a needle would pierce if placed in the sole of the foot?
- stratum basale
- stratum corneum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum spinosum
2, 4, 3, 5, 1
1, 3, 5, 2, 4
2, 3, 4, 1, 5
2, 3, 5, 1, 4
1, 5, 3, 4, 2
2. What is the name of the clear layer of epidermis in which cells die because of their inability to get nutrients and oxygen?
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum basale
Stratum corneum
Stratum spinosum
3. A splinter penetrates to the deepest layer of the epidermis on the foot. What is this layer called?
Stratum granulosum
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum lucidum
4. What is the name of the finger-like upward projections of the dermis into the epidermis?
Pacinian corpuscles
Hair follicles
Dermal papillae
Hair bulbs
Meissner's corpuscles
5. What forms the dermis?
Fibrous connective tissue
Loose connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Adipose tissue
Skeletal muscle
6. Where are the blood vessels that supply skin cells found?
In the epidermis alone
In the epidermis and dermis
In the subcutaneous layer alone
In the dermis and subcutaneous layer
In the hypodermis only
7. Which of the following is/are found in the dermis?
Melanocytes
Keratin
Stratum corneum
Pain and touch receptors
stratum spinosum
8. Which of the following is not an epidermal derivative?
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Hair follicles
Sensory receptors
Nail
9. What is the main function of melanocytes?
To remove dead cells by phagocytosis.
To help control body temperature.
To protect deeper cells from sunlight.
To produce vitamin D.
To detect sensory impulses.
10. What substance(s) is/are secreted by the eccrine glands?
Fatty substances, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins
Primarily uric acid
Solely metabolic wastes
Basic proteins
Mostly water, sodium chloride, and trace amounts of wastes, lactic acid, and vitamin C
11. Which of the following describes how the secretion of sweat is stimulated?
As a protective coating when one is swimming
When the air temperature drops
By hormones, especially male sex hormones
By high temperatures
Both by high temperatures and by hormones
12. Acne is a disorder associated with inflammation of which of the following?
Apocrine sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Eccrine sweat glands
Hair follicles
Nail matrix
13. When the body temperature rises, which of the following takes place?
Eccrine glands become active.
Arrector pili muscles contract.
Pacinian corpuscles are stimulated.
Blood is prevented from reaching skin capillary beds.
All of the above.
14. Destruction of the hair bulb would result in its inability to do which of the following?
Produce goose bumps
Grow
Resist drying
Produce oil
Produce perspiration
15. In order to warm the body up when cold which of the following occurs?
The arrector pili muscles contract to stand hairs upright.
Sudoriferous glands release sweat.
Vitamin D is synthesized.
Sebaceous glands release oil.
Melanin is produced.
16. What are nails composed of?
Carotene
Melanin
Keratin
Hemoglobin
Sebum
17. What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?
Loss of immune function
Infection
Dehydration
Unbearable pain
Blood loss
18. Which of the following is an indication of melanoma?
A pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors
A pigmented spot that has smooth borders
A symmetrical mole
A pigmented spot that is black
A spot on the skin that is smaller than the size of a pencil eraser
19. Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is caused by skin exposure to chemicals?
Cyanosis
Athlete's foot
Impetigo
Contact dermatitis
Cold sores
20. Which of the following bones is NOT considered part of the appendicular skeleton?
Sternum
Metatarsals
Radius
Femur
Scapula
21. Which of the following is NOT included in the appendicular skeleton?
Pectoral girdle
Vertebral column
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Ulna
22. Select the option that describes the components of the axial skeleton.
- Skull
- Arms and legs
- Ribs and sternum
- Vertebrae
- Pelvic girdles
2, 5
2, 3, 4, 5
1, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 5
1, 3, 4, 5
23. Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Support
Movement
Storage
Constraint
Hematopoiesis
24. What tiny canal connects central (Haversian) canals to lacunae in compact bone?
Perforating canal
Osteon
Lamella
Canaliculus
Periosteum
25. What are the small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found?
Haversian canals
Trabeculae
Volkmann's canals
Lamellae
Lacunae
26. Red bone marrow functions in the formation of which of the following?
Red blood cells and platelets
White blood cells only
Red and white blood cells only
Red and white blood cells and platelets
Platelets only
27. Which of the following groups of bones in the human body, categorized according to shape, is correct?
Wrist and ankle bones ? long bones
Arm and leg bones ? short bones
Cranium ? sesamoid bones
Skull bones ? flat bones
Coxal bones ? short bones
28. The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as which of the following?
Flat bones
Compact bones
Sesamoid bones
Long bones
Irregular bones
29. What does the presence of an epiphyseal plate indicate?
The bone is dead.
The bone length is increasing.
The bone diameter is increasing.
The bone diameter is decreasing.
The bone length is no longer increasing.
30. What is the name for a round or oval opening through a bone?
Fissure
Foramen
Fossa
Facet
Trochanter
31. What is the name of a shallow, basin-like depression in a bone often serving as an articular surface?
Foramen
Sinus
Fossa
Groove
Meatus
32. What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Loose fibrous connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic connective tissue
Fibrocartilage
33. What factor(s) determine(s) where bone matrix is to be remodeled?
Calcium level of the blood
Sex hormones
Growth hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Stresses of gravity and muscle pull on the skeleton
34. The healing of a bone fracture has four stages. Which of the following best illustrates the sequence of these stages?
- Bony callus formation
- Bone remodeling
- Fibrocartilage callus formation
- Hematoma formation
1, 3, 4, 2
4, 3, 1, 2
1, 3, 2, 4
4, 3, 2, 1
1, 2, 3, 4
35. A compound fracture can be described as which of the following?
The broken bone ends are forced into each other.
Adjacent bones fracture simultaneously.
The broken bone is exposed to the outside.
The bone is broken into many fragments.
The bone is crushed.
36. What is the name of bone destroying cells?
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Lacunae
Natural killer cells
37. Bone formation can be referred to as which of the following?
Osteoarthritis
Ossification
Gout
Rickets
Osteoporosis
38. What is the proper name for the shaft of a long bone?
Epiphysis
Periosteum
Diaphysis
Osteon
Haversian canal
39. Why is the hyoid bone unique?
It has an unusual shape.
It is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone.
It is covered with mucosa.
It largely consists of cartilage.
It has no specific function.
40. Which of the following describes the atlas?
Part of the sacrum
Last lumbar vertebra
First cervical vertebra
First thoracic vertebra
Second cervical vertebra
41. What is the name of the suture found between the parietal and occipital bone?
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
Both the squamous suture and the sagittal suture
42. All of the following facial bones are paired except one. Which of the following is the unpaired facial bone?
Lacrimal
Palatine
Vomer
Zygomatic
Maxillae
43. The sternum is the result of fusion of what three bones?
Pubis, ischium, ilium
Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
True ribs, manubrium, xiphoid process
Ischium, ilium, coccyx
Jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint
44. Which of the following is the tailbone?
Sacrum
Pubis
Coccyx
Ischium
Patella
45. Four of the five answers listed below are parts of the same anatomical area. Which of the following is the exception?
Clavicle
Humerus
Scapula
Fibula
Radius
46. Which of the following is correct regarding the female pelvis when comparing it with the male pelvis?
The distance between the female ischial tuberosities is less.
The female pelvis as a whole is deeper, and the bones are heavier and thicker.
The female iliac bones are less flared.
The distance between the female ischial spines is greater.
The angle of the female pubic arch is smaller.
47. Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are __________, whereas articulations permitting no movement are called __________.
synarthroses; amphiarthroses
diarthroses; amphiarthroses
diarthroses; synarthroses
amphiarthroses; diarthroses
amphiarthroses; synarthroses
48. Which of the following apply to diarthroses?
Exhibit a joint cavity
Sutures
Are immovable
Slightly movable
a and d
49. The joints between the vertebrae of the backbone are best described as which of the following?
Immovable
Slightly movable
Freely movable
Synovial
Hinge
50. What connective tissue articulates one bone to another?
Elastic connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Ligaments
Tendons
Areolar connective tissue