Problem
A. What is the relationship between intracellular (free cytoplasmic) calcium ion concentration and the muscle fiber contraction and relaxation? What happens when there is not any further stimulation-what happens to the intracellular calcium ion? How does the intracellular calcium ion in the muscle fiber "regulate" muscle contraction? What is the actual trigger for cross-bridge formation (muscle contraction)? When present it cause contraction, when not muscle is relaxed. Then the question is when does calcium ion concentration increase or decrease? Also, when it is present it binds to different molecules in the skeletal muscle fiber and smooth muscle, what are these molecules?
B. What is the function of T-tubule?
C. How do you differentiate smooth muscle from the cardiac and skeletal muscle? Which one(s) has/have sarcomeres (which give rise to the appearance of striation)? Can you use their differences in the number of nuclei to differentiate them? Which one(s) has/have gap junction(s)? Single-unit versus multi-unit smooth muscles? Mode of contraction in smooth muscle results from the spiral corkscrew fashion arrangement of myofilaments, unlike their arrangement in the striated muscles making sarcomeres and leading in linear shortening of the sarcomeres.
D. What is treppe? What is changing in the muscle that makes the muscle contract more and more efficiently throughout the warming up period (of athletes)?
E. Name the connective tissue sheets covering skeletal muscle at the cellular, fascicle and organ level?
F. What is the naming basis for the biceps, triceps, etc.?
G. What is the origin and the insertion of a muscle? Is the humerus moving when the biceps brachii or the triceps brachii are contracting to flex or extend the elbow? What is the bone to which the insertion of the biceps brachii is attached?
H. What is the bone to which the insertion of the triceps brachii is attached?
I. Isotonic versus isometric contraction? Which one is involved in a contraction that brings about movement? Which one is not involved in movement?
J. The functional unit of skeletal muscle and cardiac (striated) muscles? It is "sarcomere". What is its structure?
K. What is the function of Na+/K+ pump? what is the role of Na+/K+ pump in the resting membrane potential?