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Q: Consider a thin opaque, horizontal plate with an electrical heater on its backside. The front side is exposed to ambient air that is at 20°C and provides a convection heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2 · K, solar irradiation of 600 W/m2, and an effective sky temperature of -40°C. What is the electrical power (W/m2) required to maintain the plate surface temperature at Ts = 60°C if the plate is diffuse and has the designated spectral, hemispherical reflectivity?
