What is the combined effect of curvature and refraction for


1. What is the combined effect of curvature and refraction for a 300 foot long level shot?

2. A level loop closed -0.09'. There were ten turning points in the loop. How much (and in what way) should the preliminary elevation of the seventh turning point be adjusted (± 0.01')?

3. An equal tangent vertical parabolic curve has the following characteristics: PC Station is 23+28.97. PC elevation is 244.88'. L = 5.00 stations, G1 = +4.00% and G2 = -5.70%. Prepare complete stakeout notes (at full stations) for this data. Follow the same format as the example problem in the course notes.

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Engineering Mathematics: What is the combined effect of curvature and refraction for
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