Chapter 13
1) Natural selection can be defined as ______.
A) the evolution of a population of organisms
B) a process in which changes in gene frequencies result from evolution
C) the production of more offspring than can survive in a given environment
D) a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits
2) What did Darwin find in South America that suggested that the Andes mountains had been gradually lifted up over millions of years?
A) bird fossils at the top of mountains in Argentina
B) dinosaur bones in the Amazon basin
C) marine snail fossils high up in the Andes mountains
D) impressions of ocean waves at the top of a mountain
3) Which of the following is a component of the fossil record?
A) the distribution of murid rodents in Australia and Asia
B) the similarity of the forelimbs of cats and bats
C) molecular sequences
D) bones of extinct whales
4) The oldest known fossils are from about ______ years ago.
A) 3.5 billion
B) 6,000
C) 4.0 million
D) 1.0 billion
5) Homology is evidence of ______.
A) biogeography
B) convergent evolution
C) natural selection
D) common ancestry
6) Which of the following is a population?
A) the termites infesting your house along with the microorganisms living in their guts
B) all of the termites that have ever lived
C) all organisms living in your house
D) the termites infesting your house
7) Which of the following is likely to be the result of polygenic inheritance?
A) freckles
B) an extra finger
C) human height
D) ABO blood type
8) Genetic drift is the result of ______.
A) natural selection
B) chance
C) a large gene pool
D) environmental variation
9) Gene flow is accomplished by ______.
A) migration
B) sexual recombination
C) mutation
D) natural selection
10) What does evolutionary fitness measure?
A) physical health
B) longevity
C) relative reproductive success
D) population size
11) Which of the following is an example of directional selection?
A) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same.
B) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
C) There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.
D) Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.
12) Which of the following is an example of disruptive selection?
A) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same.
B) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
C) There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.
D) Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.
13) Which of the following is most likely to decrease genetic variation?
A) directional selection
B) mutation
C) stabilizing selection
D) diversifying selection
14) Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection?
A) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same.
B) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
C) There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.
D) Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.
15) Which of the following is an example of sexual selection?
A) Bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics.
B) Cheetahs experienced a population bottleneck.
C) Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the most beautiful tails.
D) Female butterflies have a higher survival rate than male butterflies.
Chapter 18
16) Ecology is the study of ______.
A) life
B) human effects on the environment
C) interactions between humans and other species
D) interactions between organisms and their environments
17) Which of the following is abiotic?
A) a protist
B) a plant
C) a fungus
D) a rock
18) What level of ecology is concerned with groups of individuals of the same species?
A) community
B) organism
C) ecosystem
D) population
19) What level of ecology is concerned with groups of individuals of different species?
A) community
B) organism
C) ecosystem
D) population
20) What level of ecology is concerned with both the biotic and abiotic aspects of an environment?
A) community
B) organism
C) ecosystem
D) population
21) Which nutrients often limit the distribution and abundance of photosynthetic organisms?
A) water and oxygen
B) nitrogen and phosphorus
C) carbon dioxide and nitrogen
D) water and carbon dioxide
22) Wetlands ______.
A) are important in improving water quality
B) include rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes
C) are an example of a marine biome
D) are found in the intertidal zone
23) What are estuaries?
A) a type of freshwater biome
B) areas near the start of a river
C) regions where ocean meets land
D) a transition area between a river and the ocean
24) Which of these biomes is one of the most biologically productive of all biomes?
A) open oceans
B) estuaries
C) temperate grasslands
D) coniferous forests
25) What name is given to the region where sea meets land?
A) pelagic realm
B) intertidal zone
C) benthic realm
D) aphotic zone
26) What name is given to the open ocean?
A) pelagic realm
B) intertidal zone
C) benthic realm
D) photic zone
27) What name is given to the seafloor?
A) pelagic realm
B) intertidal zone
C) benthic realm
D) aphotic zone
28) Which of these biomes is maintained by fire?
A) temperate deciduous forest
B) chaparral and savanna
C) desert and chaparral
D) savanna and temperate grassland
29) Permafrost, or permanently frozen subsoil, characterizes _____.
A) temperate deciduous forest
B) chaparral
C) tundra
D) coniferous forest
30) Water moves from land to the atmosphere through _____.
A) precipitation only
B) transpiration only
C) transpiration and evaporation
D) evaporation and precipitation
31) What fraction of Earth's surface has been altered by human use?
A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 95%
32) The greenhouse effect causes an increase in global temperatures. This increase is primarily due to ______.
A) CO2 and other greenhouse gases allowing more solar radiation to penetrate Earth's surface
B) CO2 and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of UV radiation from Earth
C) the loss of ozone that trapped cooling UV radiation in the atmosphere
D) CO2 and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of heat from Earth
33) Temperature increases due to global warming have been greatest _____.
A) close to the poles
B) in the sea
C) in the tropics
D) in deserts
34) The effect of deforestation has been to ______.
A) decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
B) increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
C) increase the rate at which carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic material
D) increase the rate of carbon dioxide production through cellular respiration
Chapter 28
35) Which of the following products used by humans sometimes comes from plants?
A) fuel
B) clothing
C) food
D) all of the above
36) Most domesticated food crops come from which of the following plant groups?
A) cycads
B) gymnosperms
C) ferns
D) angiosperms
37) Which of the following best characterizes the eudicots?
A) flower parts in threes
B) leaves with parallel veins
C) an embryo with two seed leaves
D) stems with scattered vascular bundles
38) Which of the following is a function of roots?
A) absorbs water
B) absorbs nutrients from the soil
C) stores food
D) all of the above
39) Which of the following are the tiny projections found on roots that increase the surface area?
A) root hairs
B) cotyledons
C) nodes
D) mesophyll
40) Which of the following constitute the shoot system of a plant?
A) leaves
B) stems
C) flowers
D) all of the above
41) Which of the following describes the sites of leaf attachment in a stem?
A) joints
B) nodes
C) internodes
D) cotyledons
42) Which of the following is a stem modification for storage?
A) tuber
B) petiole
C) rhizome
D) runner
43) Which of the following best describes the function of typical leaves?
A) anchoring
B) photosynthesis
C) shade
D) storage of the sugars produced
44) Which of the following describes the single layer of tightly packed cells that cover the entire root?
A) xylem
B) root hairs
C) epidermis
D) endodermis
45) Which of the following is the waxy coating secreted on leaves and most stems?
A) cuticle
B) lignin
C) endodermis
D) epidermis
46) Which of the following is the selective barrier of a root that determines which substances pass between the cortex and vascular tissue?
A) epidermis
B) endodermis
C) cuticle
D) xylem
47) Which of the following do guard cells act to regulate?
A) stomata
B) cuticle
C) epidermis
D) root hairs
48) Which of the following is the main site of photosynthesis in a typical leaf?
A) epidermis
B) endodermis
C) mesophyll
D) xylem
49) In which structure do pollen grains develop?
A) stamen
B) sepal
C) filament
D) anther
50) The formation of a zygote and a cell with a triploid nucleus is unique to flowering plants. What is this process called?
A) fertilization
B) double fertilization
C) germination
D) pollination