What are optogenetically controlled transgenes

Question

Assignment:

QUESTION 1. Different regions of the brain:

have totally separate functions and do not need to communicate

send information to each other mediated via individual neurons

send information to each other mediated via simple diffusion

send information to each other through an as yet unknown mechanism

QUESTION 2 In anterogade neuronal tracing, what part of the cell takes up the tracer?

QUESTION 3 Delivery of large molecules into cells by pressure injection or generating holes can damage cells. What technology enables an investigator to introduce a tracer into a cell in a less immediately destructive manner?

QUESTION 4. What other advantages are afforded by the technology in question 3?

QUESTION 5. What sort of experiment might someone do if they wanted to label only cholinergic neurons (specifically, they might use a particular model animal)?

QUESTION 6. The neuronal tracing article mentions optogenetically controlled transgenes. What are optogenetically controlled transgenes?

QUESTION 7. What advance in fluorescent protein technology makes the simultaneous tracing of hundreds of neural connections possible?

QUESTION 8. In "Neuroimaging: Many Analysts, Differing Results" the author uses the mixed gambles task as an example.Briefly describe the mixed gambles task

QUESTION 9. The experiment described for the study used functional magnetic resonance imaging or fMRI. Briefly describe what this is and/or how it works.

QUESTION 10. What are some reasons why different groups of neuroscientists might derive different conclusions from the same dataset? How might this affect scientific research? How can this be addressed?