Under the Articles of Confederation
a. each of the thirteen former colonies surrendered it's sovereignty to the central government in order to achieve a "perpetual union"
b. there was a strong national judiciary as well as a strong national executive
c. Congress could levy taxes on the states, and it could provide an income for the central government by levying duties on certain imports
d. Congress developed a responsible policy with respect to western lands, and this policy was later adopted by the new government under the Constitution
e. None of the above happened.
f. All of the above happened.