There are many examples of the role of noise in human communications. One story concerns a communication exchange which purportedly took place during the First World War. The message sent by the source was ‘Send reinforcements, we're going to advance'. As the result of ‘noise' in the channel the message which finally arrived was ‘Send three-and-four-pence, we're going to a dance'. (a) What forms of noise may have contributed to this miscommunication? (b) State some ways in which this noise could have been reduced.