1. The use of _____ should result in a decrease in the occurrence of a behavior.
a. negative reinforcement
b. positive reinforcement
c. positive punishment
d. the Premack principle
2. Albert Bandura’s famous studies with Bobo dolls were used to demonstrate the phenomenon of:
a. observational learning.
b. incidental learning.
c. operant conditioning.
d. learned helplessness.
3. In this stage of memory, information transferred from sensory memory and information retrieved from long-term memory become conscious.
a. iconic memory
b. executive memory
c. selective memory
d. working memory
4. ______ significantly improves memory for new information.
a. Primary rehearsal
b. Maintenance rehearsal
c. Elaborative rehearsal
d. Systemic rehearsal
5. You are briefly presented with the following information: J0L7H1, then asked to close your eyes, and repeat the information in the order in which it was presented. You are asked to do the same for the following information: ACE246. In each instance, the two letter-number sequence you are MOST likely to remember immediately after presentation is the ______ and this result is due to ______.
a. first sequence; consolidation
b. first sequence; chunking
c. second sequence; chunking
d. second sequence; recognition
6. If you are unable to recall something on your own but can recall it when you are given a hint, the hint has acted as a(n):
a. retrieval cue.
b. encoding specifier.
c. tip-of-the-tongue clue.
d. anchor.
7. What is the principle that states that the more closely the conditions of encoding and retrieval match, the more likely it is for retrieval to occur?
a. the tip-of-the-tongue principle
b. the serial position effect
c. the encoding specificity principle
d. the chunking principle
8. Which of the following topics in memory is the MOST controversial?
a. suppression
b. repression
c. déjà vu experiences
d. working memory
9. Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to false memories?
a. the misinformation effect
b. schema distortion
c. imagination inflation
d. the trauma of the event
10. My dog, Tina, gets excited when I close the kitchen window. Her response is best explained through which principles?
a. classical conditioning
b. observational learning
c. operant conditioning
d. none of these