The U.S. Statistical Abstract published data on Advanced Placement (AP) exams taken in 2003, classified by gender and by subject. Some of the data are shown in this table.
a. To the nearest hundredth, what is the probability that an AP test in 2003 was taken by a male?
b. Is your answer to part (a) a statistic or a parameter?
c. If gender and subject were independent, then your answer to part (a) should also be the probability that a student taking the Statistics AP exam was male. What was the actual probability that a student taking the Statistics AP exam was male?
d. Was a student taking the Statistics AP exam more likely than a test-taker in general to be male, or less likely?
e. For which one of the subjects listed was the probability of being male much lower than it would have been if gender and subject were independent?