There is a wide area network in which a special route was selected.Propagation delay is so small that it could be neglected. Traffic is light - thus, there are no queuing delays. The length of this route is k node-to-node links. Transmission speed of each link is N bps. There is a need to transmit m packets. The length of each packet is l bit. Find the time needed to transmit the file from the source to the destination in the following networks.
a) Suppose the network is packet-switched virtual circuit network. Denote the VC setup time by ts seconds. Suppose the sending layers add a total of h bits of header to each packet.
b) Suppose the network is packet-switched datagram network and a connectionless service is used. Now suppose each packet has 2h bits of header. c) Repeat b), however assume that message switching is used (that is, 2h bits are added to the message, and the message is not segmented).
d) Suppose that the network is circuit-switched network. Further suppose that the transmission rate of the circuit between source and destination is N bps. Assume ts is set-up time and h bits of header are appended to the entire file.