1. Counting jails and prisons, approximately how many citizens are incarcerated?
A) a. 1 million
B) b. 2.3 million
C) c. 3 million
D) d. 4.3 million
2. Which important scholar argued that criminals and their punishment are functional in society, help to define norms and expectations for conformity?
A) a. Emile Durkheim
B) b. Cesare Beccaria
C) c. Travis Hirshchi
D) d. Cesare Lombroso
3. Political liberals and _______________ encouraged reform of the prison system during the Enlightenment Period.
A) a. Political conservatives
B) b. independents
C) c. religious groups
D) d. political liberals
4. Lex talionis embodies which of the following principles?
A) a. Punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense.
B) b. An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth is legal punishment.
C) c. Punishment needs to be proportionate.
D) d. All of these
5. The Penitentiary Act was based upon four core principles where prisoners were confined in solitary cells and labored silently in common rooms. They include
A) a. secure and sanitary conditions.
B) b. nonsystematic inspections.
C) c. fees for inmates.
D) d. a continued regimen.
6. How was the existing system of justice altered during the Enlightenment?
A) a. People reconsidered the administration of law and redefined corrections.
B) b. During this period the classical school of criminology emerged, with its insistence on a rational link between the gravity of the crime and the severity of the punishment.
C) c. The social contract and utilitarianism emphasized limitations on the government and the need to erect a system of punishments so that people would be deterred from crime.
D) d. All of these
7. The __________ was a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates.
A) a. congregate system
B) b. assemble system
C) c. separate confinement system
D) d. segregated confinement system
8. During the Progressive Reform Era, two main strategies were implemented. They included improving conditions in social environments and ______________.
A) a. feeding inmates better food.
B) b. ensuring prisoners were not in solitude.
C) c. reintegrating inmates into society.
D) d. rehabilitating individual offenders.
9. The Military Commissions Act (MCA) __________ the ability of "unlawful enemy combatants" to file a writ of habeas corpus.
A) a. permits
B) b. fosters
C) c. enhances
D) d. eliminates
10. Which court decision held the basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made concerning the disciplining of an inmate?
A) a. Wolff v. McDonnell
B) b. Holt v. Sarver
C) c. Estelle v. Gamble
D) d. Pugh v. Locke