The level of demand for health services in the us

Question

1. When providers deliver unnecessary services with the objective of protecting themselves against lawsuits, this practice is called

1. defensive medicine
2. supplier-induced demand
3. primary protection
4. legal risk

2. Reimbursement is associated with which of the quad functions?

1. Financing
2. Insurance
3. Delivery
4. Payment

3. Which central agency manages the health care delivery system in the United States?

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2. Department of Health and Human Services
3. Department of Commerce
4. None

4. National health care programs in other countries often use which of the following mechanism to control total health care expenditures?

1. Third parties
2. Capitation
3. Global budgets
4. A single-payer system

5. In the United States, who does not generally have access to basic and routine medical services?

1. People who need catastrophic care
2. Those eligible only for public programs
3. The uninsured
4. Those without private health insurance

6 .Which country utilizes socialized health insurance for employees?Germany

1. United States
2. Great Britain
3. Australia

7. All of the following are main elements of the systems framework EXCEPT:

1. system inputs
2. system foundations
3. system structure
4. system processes

8. Deontology asserts:

1. That no one has a duty to do what is right
2. That it is society's duty to do what is right
3. That it is an individual's duty to do what is right
4. None of the above

9. Utilitarianism emphasizes:

1. Happiness and welfare for the poor
2. Happiness and welfare for the deserving
3. Happiness and welfare for the rich
4. Happiness and welfare for the masses

10. Supply-side rationing is also referred to as:

1. Nonprice rationing
2. Price rationing
3. Both a and b
4. None of the above

11. Prevalence is:

1. The total number of cases at a specific point in time divided by the specified population
2. The total number of cases at a wide range in time divided by the specified population
3. The number of new cases occurring during a specified period divided by the total population
4. The number of new cases occurring during a specified period divided by the population at risk

12. The limitations of market justice include:

1. Social problems are not adequately addressed
2. Society is not always protected from the consequences of ill health
3. It leads to inequitable access to health care
4. All of the above

13. Crude rates refer to:

1. A specific age group
2. The total population
3. A specific gender
4. None of the above

14. Holistic health adds which element to the World Health Organization definition of health?

1. Physical
2. Mental
3. Social
4. Spiritual

15. All of the following were factors explaining why the medical profession remained largely an insignificant trade in preindustrial America EXCEPT:

1. Medical practice was in disarray
2. Medical procedures were primitive
3. High demand for prescription drugs
4. Demand was unstable

16.The American system for delivering health care took its current shape during this period:

1. Preindustrial
2. Postindustrial
3. Twentieth century
4. none of the above

17. Today,  are the leading cause of illness, disability, and death in the US.

1. typhoid
2. chronic conditions
3. acute illness
4. none of the above

18. This group was primarily responsible for leading the successful drive for

1. workers' com pensation.
2. a.lnternal Revenue Code
3. American Medical Association
4. Blue Cross
5. the American Association of Labor Legislation

19. Capitation is:

1. integration of telecommunications in healthcare
2. umbrella fund for everyone
3. flat rate per worker per month
4. none of the above

20. All of the following are modes of economic interrelationships EXCEPT:

1. use of advanced telecommunications infrastructures in medicine
2. health professionals remain in the United States
3. consumers travel abroad to receive medical care
4. foreign direct investment in health services enterprises

21. What is an example of health care delivery existing due to social and political needs:

1. Medicaid
2. State Children's Health Insurance Program
3. Multispecialty centers
4. None of the above.

22. All states require this to be licensed in order to practice. What is a require-

1. ment needed to be licensed?
2. graduation from an accredited medical school that awards a Doctor of Medicine
3. score of 85 on board exam
4. enrollment in internship program
5. none of the above

23. What is a main difference between primary care and specialty care?

1. primary care follows specialty care
2. primary care focuses on disease while specialty care focuses on the whole person
3. primary care is longitudinal and specialty care is episodic
4. none of the above

24. What is the principal source of funding for graduate medical education?

1. Medicare
2. Private corporations
3. International companies
4. none of the above.

25. Why are physicians most likely to concentrate in metropolitan and suburban areas?

1. better opportunities for high income
2. greater access to modern facilities and technology
3. cultural diversity
4. All of the above

26. Dental  do not have to be licensed.

1. hygienists
2. pediatrics
3. assistants
4. none of the above

27. This act authorizes a variety of grants and scholarships to keep nurses in the field:

1. American Nursing Association Act
2. Reimbursement Act
3. Nurse Reinvestment Act of 2002
4. None of the above

28. Who is responsible for operational, clinical and financial outcomes of organizations that deliver health services?

1. Health Service Administrators
2. Allied Health Professionals
3. Physical Therapists
4. None of the above

29. This made additional resources available to the FDA, and resulted in a shortened approval process for new drugs.

1. Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, 1962
2. Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act, 1997
3. Orphan Drug Act, 1983
4. Prescription Drug User Fee Act, 1992

30. What was the purpose of certificate of need (CON) laws?

1. Monitor the diffusion of new technology
2. Control the flow of federal funds for private projects
3. Control new health service programs
4. Control new construction and modernization projects

31. Which area of personal health expend itures has seen the greatest rise in recent years?

1. Long-term care
2. Hospital services
3. Prescription drugs
4. Durable medical equipment

32. What is the role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

1. Establish guidelines for the method of conducting research
2. Verify the results of clinical trials
3. Approve and monitor research that involves human subjects
4. All of the above

33. Generally, at the start of medical treatment

1. benefits exceed costs
2. cost-efficiency is minimum
3. costs exceed benefits
4. safety is not a major concern

34. Health technology assessment in the US is conducted primarily by

1. various government agencies
2. the NIH
3. the FDA
4. the private sector

35. According to the Institute of Medicine, the rise in prescription drug costs is

1. mainly attributed to
2. price inflation
3. increased use of existing drugs
4. research and development costs
5. replacement of older drugs by newer ones

36. What is the main factor that determines the level of demand for health services in the US health care delivery system?

1. finances
2. insurance
3. health services
4. none of the above

37. Which of the following is NOT a fundamental principle that underlies the concept of insurance?

1. Risk is unpredictable for the individual insured.
2. Risk can be predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy for a group.
3. Insurance provides a mechanism for transferring risk from the group to the individual.
4. Actual losses are shared on some equitable basis by all member of the insured group.

38. Most Americans obtain health insurance coverage through:

1. individual plans
2. employer-sponsored programs
3. self-insurance
4. none of the above.

39. The Medicare program finances medical care for:

1. persons 65 years and older
2. disabled individuals who are entitled to social security benefits
3. people who have end-stage renal disease.
4. All of the above

40. Who is eligible for Medicaid?

1. Children and pregnant women whose family income is at or below l33 percent of the Federal Poverty Level.
2. Families with children
3. The elderly
4. none of the above

41. How does workers' compensation differ from regular health insurance?

1. it becomes supplemental coverage for eligible employees
2. employers are required by law to bear the full cost of the benefits
3. it is regionally managed
4. none of the above

42. This Act authorized by Congress supports "safety net" hospitals in inner cities and rural ares.

1. Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985
2. Indian Reconciliation Act of 1989
3. Cost Plus Act of 1992
4. None of the above

43. What is the point of entry into the health services system?

1. specialization
2. primary care
3. coordination of care
4. essential care

44. Which factor has NOT contributed to the increase in outpatient care?

1. reimbursement
2. technological
3. family
4. social

 45.  are the backbone of ambulatory care and constitute the majority of primary care.

1. home health care
2. hospice services
3. physicians as office-based practitioners
4. alternative medicine

46. Hospice services include:

1. pain management
2. psychosocial support
3. spiritual support
4. all of the above

47. What is a characteristic of a free clinic?

1. services are provided at no charge or nominal charge
2. they are not directly supported by government agencies
3. services are delivered mainly by volunteer trained staff
4. all of the above.

48. ____________ are regarded as nontraditional and include a wide range of treatments.

1. complementary medicine
2. alternative medicine
3. material medicine
4. none of the above

49. In 2004, what type of office visits were visited the most?

1. a, physicians in general and family practice
2. physicians in specialty services
3. physicians in internal medicine
4. physicians in gynecology

50. ALOS is an indicator of

1. use of hospital capacity
2. frequency of use
3. severity of illness
4. access