Question: The idea of leadership and the word "leader" has been used in political and business scholarship to denote both those in formal power positions (i.e., king, head of state, president, CEO), as well as those entrusted with the leadership of organizations, communities, and societies (i.e., boards of governors, citizen leaders, managers). In modern business organizations, the distinction can also be made between those in formal power, who are leaders in title, and those employees and managers at all levels who share and practice the behaviors of leadership. Kouzes and Posner describe the five practices of exemplary leadership that research suggests can be learned:
1. Model the Way
2. Inspire a Shared Vision
3. Challenge the Process
4. Enable Others to Act
5. Encourage the Heart
List and describe five leadership practices that contrast with the list above. Use examples and citations as necessary to support your answer.