Pathologies endemic to the Soviet bureaucracy included secrecy, formalism, cumbersome procedures, rigidity, and the tendency to concentrate on control rather than performance. The party controlled the state by using the _________, the power to recommend and approve managers in administration and enterprises, of appointments and promotions to control access to government positions.
a. Gosplan.
b. Gosagroprom.
c. nomenklatura system.
d. parastatals.