Studies of the behavioral and physiological effects of nicotine
a. show that nicotine has a relaxing and calming effect in both smokers and nonsmokers.
b. indicate that nicotine decreases reaction time in a visual information processing task in smokers but not in individuals who have never smoked.
c. show that nicotine increases arousal and attention based on cortical EEG.
d.suggest that the effects observed can be completely attributed to reversal of withdrawal symptoms in smokers asked to abstain for the duration of the study.
e. found no beneficial effects of nicotine on memory in animals tested in a radial arm maze.