1. State whether the threat effect might cause the measured union wage advantage to be overstated or understated from the pure advantage. Please answer with either overstated or understated.
2. State whether the spillover effect might cause the measured union wage advantage to be overstated or understated from the pure advantage. Please answer with either overstated or understated.
3. State whether the product market effect might cause the measured union wage advantage to be overstated or understated from the pure advantage. Please answer with either overstated or understated.