Part - A
1. _____________________________ emphasizes the idea that all creatures have equal rights and
values, being centered on nature rather than humans.
A) anthropocentrism
B) biocentrism
C) conservation
D) environmentalism
2. Ozone layer, located in the lower part of the _________________, is beneficial for the humans and other living organisms.
A) troposphere
B) mesosphere
C) stratosphere
D) thermosphere
3. The atmosphere is air
A) composed of 20.9% oxygen.
B) composed of 78.1% nitrogen
C) contains greenhouse gases
D) all of the above.
4. One of the main driving forces of the wind:
A) moisture content
B) temperature
C) pressure gradient
D) weather conditions
5. Soil is considered as polluted with lead if its concentration in soil
A) is equal to maximum admissible concentration of lead in soil
B) is less then maximum admissible concentration of lead in soil
C) is higher then maximum admissible concentration of lead in soil
D) is less or equal to maximum admissible concentration of lead in soil
6. Lead compounds are added to the gasoline in order to
A) enhance fuel efficiency.
B) increase octane number of the fuel
C) reduce emissions of green house gases
D) all of the above
7. Which of the following is NOT considered a "Greenhouse Gas?"
A) water vapours
B) nitrous oxide
C) carbon dioxide
D) hydrogen
E) none of the above
8. Replacement of incandescent bulbs by fluorescent lights saves ________of electricity consumed.
A) 80%
B) 60%
C) 40%
D) 20%
E) None
9. Rivers and lakes represent only ______ of the total water resources on the Earth.
A) ~3%
B) 0.02%
C) 0.82%
D) 0.50%
10. Which country in Central Asia is rich in water resources and has more control over these resources:
A) Kyrgyzstan
B) Uzbekistan
C) Kazakhstan
D) Turkmenistan
11. Excessive amounts of fertilizers runoff into surround water reservoir and cause eutrophication.
A) True
B) False
12. Domestic water is mostly used for the following purpose:
A) taking a bath/ a shower
B) toilet flashing
C) drinking and cooking
D) washing dishes
13. Hydrogen represents
A) renewable energy source
B) primary energy source
C) secondary energy source
D) none of the above.
14. What should be on top of your list of energy saving measures?
A) turning off lights
B) insulation
C) closing windows
D) turning off electric appliances
15. Which of the following types of radiation is characterized by the highest energy?
A) ultra-violet radiation
B) infra-red radiation
C) visible light
D) microwaves
E) X-rays
16. Renewable resources are not inexhaustible resources.
A) True
B) False
17. Higher temperature of the atmospheric air is associated with _________ pressure, lower temperature is associated with ________ pressure.
lower, higher
higher, lower
constant, changing
changing, constant
18. Fossil fuels currently supply about ____ percent of all world commercial energy supplies.
A) 97
B) 87
C) 55
D) 33
19. Country with the largest reserves of oil in Latin America
A) Colombia
B) Mexico
C) Venezuela
D) Brazil
E) Argentina
20. Which air pollutant combines with atmospheric water to produce acid rain?
A) ozone
B) sulfur dioxide
C) carbon monoxide
D) carbon dioxide
21. The major problem associated with the use of natural gas as fossil fuel is:
A) Low heating capacity
B) High level of pollution produced when burning gas
C) Transportation problems
D) None of the above
22. Fuel efficiency of 5 L gasoline per 100 km is equivalent to
A) 0.05 km/L
B) 20 km/L
C) 5 mpg
D) none of the above
23. At the present consumption rate, it is likely that coal reserves in the world could supply energy for human use for another ______ years.
A) 200 years
B) 50 years
C) 60 years
D) 20 years
24. Resources in Neoclassical Economics are considered as:
A) Resources exist in fixed (finite) amounts.
B) Expanded idea of resources: labor, knowledge, and capital.
C) Renewable and non-renewable resources.
D) None of the above
25. According to classic supply and demand theory, when demand is high supply is low, and market equilibrium occurs when supply equals demand.
A) True
B) False
26. All the following represent features of a Sustainable Commons EXCEPT for:
A) community members should live on resource
B) each community member may bring as many animals to the Commons as he/she needs
C) resource and use are to be actively monitored
D) effective conflict resolution mechanisms
E) Communal Resource Management Systems
27. The biggest off-shore oil deposit in Kazakhstan is
A) Tengis
B) Kashagan
C) Karachaganak
D) Kalamkas
28. Dominating Biome in Kazakhstan:
A) deserts
B) steppes
C) semi-deserts
D) forests
29. What is the major cause of all other environmental problems?
A) wars
B) overpopulation
C) depletion of resources
D) loss of biodiversity
E) pollution
30. Primary reason of Aral sea ecological catastrophe is
A) industrialization of Aral sea basin area
B) global climate change
C) overfishing and overhunting
D) poorly managed irrigation system
Part -B
1. Multiple-choice questions (0.5 pts x 30 = 15 pts)
1. Sustainable development is most closely related to which idea?
A) utilitarian conservation
B) biocentric preservation
C) modern environmentalism
D) global environmentalism
2. All of the following are believed to be the major consequences of global warming EXCEPT
A) violent weather
B) melting glaciers
C) rising sea level
D) trade winds
E) flooding
3. Increased concentration of ozone in the ______________________ is beneficial to humans and ecosystems.
A) troposphere
B) mesosphere
C) stratosphere
D) thermosphere
4. Air is considered as polluted with sulphur dioxide if its concentration in the atmosphere
A) is equal to maximum admissible concentration of sulphur dioxide in water
B) is less then maximum admissible concentration of sulphur dioxide in water
C) is higher then maximum admissible concentration of sulphur dioxide in water
D) is less or equal to maximum admissible concentration of sulphur dioxide in water
5. Which of the following types of radiation is characterized by the lowest energy?
A) microwaves
B) gamma rays
C) visible light
D) infra-red radiation
E) X-rays
6. The following type of wind is the result of Coriolis effect:
A) tornado
B) trade wind (or passat)
C) hurricane
D) monsoon
E) tsunami
7. All of the following represent pollutants, produced by agricultural farms, EXCEPT:
Herbicides
Ozone
Methane
Pesticides
Fertilizers
8. All the following types of pollution are non-material EXCEPT for
A) noise
B) radiation
C) soot
D) thermal pollution
9. Which of the following is not the product of combustion of gasoline?
A) methane
B) nitrogen oxides
C) carbon dioxide
D) sulfur dioxide
10. Kazakhstan's only nuclear plant, currently shut down, is located in
Atyrau
Aktau
Semipalatinsk
Balkhash
11. Fresh water resources comprise ________ of the total water resources on our planet.
A) ~3%
B) 0.02%
C) 0.82%
D) 0.50%
12. All these Central Asian countries experience water shortages except for
A) Uzbekistan
B) Kazakhstan
C) Turkmenistan
D) Tajikistan
13. Primary reason of Aral sea ecological catastrophe is
A) global climate change
B) industrialization of Aral basin area
C) poorly managed irrigation system
D) all of the above
14. The addition of sewage and other organic waste into a water supply
A) increases pH value of the water
B) increases acidity of the water
C) none of the above
D) increases oxygen consumption by decomposers
15. Heat represents
A) gamma radiation
B) ultra-violet radiation
C) microwaves
B) infra-red radiation
16. Which of the following materials has the highest natural radioactive background?
A) sand
B) clay
C) peat
D) granite
17. Energy saving fluorescent bulbs use _______ less energy than regular incandescent bulbs, but produce _____________ amount of light.
A) 18%, the same.
B) 8%, more.
C) 80%, the same.
D) 18%, less.
18. Capital, as any form of wealth that contributes to the production of more wealth, includes
A) manufactured capital
B) human capital
C) natural capital
D) all of the above
19. External costs are best defined as those costs borne by someone other than the individual who uses a resource
A) True B) False
20. Resources in Ecological Economics are considered as:
A) resources exist in fixed (finite) amounts.
B) expanded idea of resources: labor, knowledge, and capital.
C) renewable and non-renewable resources.
D) none of the above
21. Sustainable use of natural resources implies:
A) their extensive use at the highest possible rate
B) replacing natural resources by new artificial sources of fuel, energy, food
C) rational use while doing no virtual damage to the resources and future generations
D) equal distribution of all the resources between the nations
22. Tragedy of the Commons: commonly held resources are inevitably degraded because self- interests of individuals tend to outweigh public interests.
A) True B) False
23. ___________________ is one of the forms of renewable energy that converts ocean energy into electricity or other useful forms of energy.
A) tidal energy
B) hydrogen energy
C) hydropower energy
D) geothermal energy
24. Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel?
A) coal
B) dung
C) natural gas
D) petroleum
25. Which country is the world leader in renewable energy use?
A) USA
B) Denmark
C) Canada
D) Japan
E) Netherlands
26. Most of the energy in Kazakhstan is produced by
A) Fossil-Fuel Power Plants
B) Hydroelectric Power Plants
C) Nuclear Power Plants
D) Wind Power Turbines
27. Normal rain acidity results from what gas in the atmosphere?
CO
NOx
SO2
CO2
28. Ceyhan, the end point of the oil pipeline delivering oil from Baku, is located in
A) Georgia
B) Armenia
C) Turkey
D) Greece
29. Primary body that is responsible for nature conservation in Kazakhstan is
A) Ministry of Agriculture
B) Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
C) Ministry of Environmental Protection
D) ‘Nevada-Semipalatinsk' ecological movement
30. How many National Parks are there in Kazakhstan?
A) 8
B) 10
C) 12
D) none of the above
Part -C
1. Ecology is the science that studies:
A) pollution of the environment
B) life on our planet
C) interaction between the organisms and the environment
D) global changes
2. ___________________ implies that only humans are morally significant, and nature is an instrument for human manipulation.
A) Biocentrism
B) Anthropocentrism
C) Modern environmentalism
D) Utilitarian conservation
3. Short-run atmospheric conditions existing at a given time and location
A) wind
B) climate
C) weather
D) tornado
4. The following street in Almaty is less polluted with lead:
A) Raimbek street
B) Al Farabi street
C) Tole Bi street
D) Seifullin street
5. Thermal inversion occurs when _______ air becomes sandwiched between two layers of ______ air and acts like a lid on a valley.
A) warm, cold
B) cold, warm
C) dry, humid
D) humid, dry
6. Wind represents a horizontal air movement from low to high pressure area.
A)True B) False
7. Which of the following air pollutants combines with atmospheric water to produce acid rain?
A) sulphur oxides
B) carbon monoxide
C) carbon dioxide
D) ozone
8. All of the following materials belong to primary air pollutants EXCEPT
A) particulate matter
B) sulfur dioxide
C) ozone
D) carbon monoxide
E) nitrogen oxides
9. Which of the following ways increase water supplies?
Building Dams and Canals
Towing icebergs
Seeding clouds
Desalination
All of the above
10. The largest reservoir of fresh water:
A) groundwater
B) rivers and lakes
C) ice and glaciers
D) wetlands
11. Natural resource, the main asset of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan:
A) oil and gas
B) mineral resources
C) water resources
D) coal deposits
12. Algal blooms in lakes
A) lead to an increase in the amount of dissolved oxygen present
B) are the result of excessive use of fertilizers on adjoining crop lands
C) cover large portions of the surface of the lake
D) all of the following
13. The part of Almaty below Tole bi street is more polluted with lead than the upper area of the city adjacent to the mountains.
A) True B) False
14. Seasonal winds on ‘water-land' boundaries:
A) trade winds
B) totnado
C) monsoons
D) sirocco
15. Life span of an energy-saving fluorescent bulb is ___________ than that of a regular incandescent bulb.
A) 10 times longer.
B) 80% less.
C) 10 times shorter.
D) 80% more.
16. Idea of recycling the matter is a distinctive feature of
A) classical economics
B) neoclassical economics
C) ecological economics
D) none of the above
17. Internal costs are expenses borne by
A) those who are using a natural resource.
B) by someone other than the individual/company who uses a natural resource
C) by the owner of the land, on which a natural resource is located
D) none of the above
18. Resources in Neoclassical Economics are considered as:
A) Resources exist in fixed (finite) amounts.
B) Expanded idea of resources: labor, knowledge, and capital.
C) Renewable and nonrenewable resources.
D) None of the above
19. All the following are the ways to achieve Urban Sustainability EXCEPT for:
A) Maintain greenbelts in and around cities.
B) Encourage walking and low-speed vehicles.
C) Recycling wastes and water.
D) Unlimited city size, unlimited population growth
20. The largest gas deposit in Kazakhstan is
A) Tengis
B) Kashagan
C) Karachaganak
D) Kalamkas
21. Incandescent bulbs consume _____________ electricity than fluorescents bulbs
A) 2 times more
B) 5 times more
C) 5 times less
D) 2 times less
E) the same amount
22. The world's largest wind power producer
A) USA
B) Denmark
C) Canada
D) Netherlands
E) None of the above
23. _________________ possesses the largest oil resources in the world.
A) Russia
B) Kuwait
C) Saudi Arabia
D) Iran
E) Iraq
24. Fuel efficiency of 12.5 km per 1 L gasoline is equivalent to
A) 8 L per 100 km
B) 10 km/L
C) 50 mpg
D) none of the above
25. Gamma radiation is
A) high frequency electromagnetic radiation
B) high energy electromagnetic radiation
C) low wavelength electromagnetic radiation
D) all of the above.
26. A kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of
A) power
B) energy
C) force
D) work
E) B and D
27. What is the name of the type of energy derived from hot springs and geysers?
A) tidal energy
B) wave energy
C) hydropower energy
D) geothermal energy
28. Water is considered as polluted with herbicide, if its concentration in water
A) is equal to maximum admissible concentration of herbicide in water
B) is less then maximum admissible concentration of herbicide in water
C) is higher then maximum admissible concentration of herbicide in water
D) is less or equal to maximum admissible concentration of herbicide in water
29. The second largest Biome in Kazakhstan:
A) deserts
B) steppes
C) semi-deserts
D) forests
30. Of the following fossil fuels, which is the cleanest energy resource (producing less pollution)?
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal