Question 1: Echinoderms
Describe the specialized structures and functions of echinoderms. Include in your answer:
a. a description of the water vascular system
b. a description of the aboral surface of a sea star (such as Pisaster)
c. a description of the specialized feeding structures of a sea star (such as Pisaster)
Question 2: Fish Movement
Describe the adaptations that support movement of fishes through water from the origin of swimming in chordates to the migrations of eels
and salmon. Include in your answer
a. a description of the origins of swimming in chordates and the shapes of fast-swimming fishes
b. a description of gills and countercurrent exchange for obtaining oxygen
c. the synchronized development and migratory paths with ocean currents for American Eels and Pacific salmon
Question 3: Sensory Systems of Fishes
Describe the structure and function of chemical, electrical and pressure sensory systems of fishes. Include in your answer:
a. a description of the methods by which sharks detect their prey,
b. a description the structures and functions of lateral lines in fishes in general
c. a description of the specialized functions of lateral lines in weakly electric fish. Include in your description, the structure and
function of neuromasts and electrogenic organs and the role that they play in fishes of murky waters.
Question 4: Amniote Egg
Describe amniote eggs, the functions of the egg membranes and the structure and function of the calcified shells of bird eggs. Include in your answer the evolutionary transition from synapsid egg-layers to modern mammals and include the adaptations that supported this transition.
Question 5: Endothermic Homeotherms
Birds and mammals originated from reptilian lineages. Modern reptiles are "cold blooded" (ectothermic poikilotherms) but birds and mammals are "warm-blooded" (endothermic homeotherms). Describe the evolutionary history of birds and mammals that led to endothermic homeothermy. Include in your essay:
a. a description of the evidence that the dinosaur ancestors of birds were warm-blooded
b. the evidence for transition to warm-bloodedness in mammals that can be detected in the fossil record For the two subparts above, explain how each piece of evidence described indicates "warm-bloodedness".