Q. Can surprises be reduced?
Yes absolutely! By their vary nature projects are uncertain business and uncertainty can lead to both risk and opportunities. As a result a very important part of a project manager's job is management of risk and Risk Management. The idea is to move possible uncertainties away from risk (that is adverse time and cost implications) and towards opportunity (that will enhance the project and make it more successful). To do this potential risks should first be identified and preferably grouped in some way analysed and then appropriate defensive responses initiated such as workarounds or insurance. Failing that prepare unforeseen event plans as a precaution.