Problem:
Albert's manager assigned a market research project due in a month, but he was not motivated to put much effort into that project. That is because he heard a rumor that the next promotion decision is not based on the performance of that project. He prefers to work on a project that will influence the promotion decision directly. According to expectancy theory, which belief is close to "zero," making his motivational force to work hard on the market research project close to "zero"? Group of answer choices Instrumentality Expectancy Valence Equity