Muscular dystrophy
Muscular dystrophy is an incurable muscle-wasting disease. The most common and serious type, called DMD, is caused by a sex-linked recessive mutation. Speci?cally: women can be carriers but do not get the disease; a son of a carrier has probability 0.5 of having DMD; a daughter has probability 0.5 of being a carrier. As many as 1/3 of DMD cases, however, are due to spontaneous mutations in sons of mothers who are not carriers. Toni has one son, who has DMD.
In the absence of other information, the probability is 1/3 that the son is the victim of a spontaneous mutation and 2/3 that Toni is a carrier. There is a screening test called the CK test that is positive with probability 0.7 if a woman is a carrier and with probability 0.1 if she is not. Toni's CK test is positive. What is the probability that she is a carrier?