1. If you were to argue that although a person with an IQ of 60 cannot be a world-renown physicist, s/he still has the freedom to choose within limits of what is physically, psychologically, and socially possible, you would be presenting which of the following positions?
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif Soft determinism
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif Hard determinism
c. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif The feeling of freedom
d. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif Hedonism
2. Which of the following refers to circumstances (e.g., presence of mental illness) surrounding a criminal event that reduce, but do not eliminate, moral responsibility and the severity of punishment imposed?
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif Omissive circumstances
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif Mitigating circumstances
c. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif Justifications
d. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif Criminal nullification
3. Entertaining these assumptions brings us into the second of our two realms of theoretical ethics-metaethics.
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif True
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif False
4. A four-year-old child who shoots and kills another child would be considered culpable for her or his actions.
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif True
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif False
5. The third question concerns the challenge that determinism presents for the study of ethics and human behavior more generally. Does morality exist independently of human consciousness?
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif True
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif False
6. Research on rhesus monkeys that were abused or neglected as children suggests that, as adults, they were more likely to be abusive themselves.
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif True
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif False
7. Modern-day determinism tends to be based in:
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif religious teachings.
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif science.
c. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif the idea of predestination.
d. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif intentionalism.
8. If we eliminate free will completely, we would also be eliminating:
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif the possibility of genetic bases for human behavior.
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif the value of modern science.
c. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif moral responsibility.
d. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif excuses for criminal conduct.
9. Which of the following is discussed in your text as a possible causal factor in the higher rates of aggression and violence we find in geographical areas that are the most heavily crowded?
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif Territoriality
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif Pollution
c. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif Child abuse and neglect
d. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif Selective incapacitation
10. Which of the following, though only in its infancy, may be the future standard for detecting dishonesty in police departments and courtrooms?
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif Polygraph
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif Brain fingerprinting
c. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif "Pleasure machines"
d. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif Mirror neuron modulators
11. In simplest terms, determinism holds that:
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif every event has a cause.
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif we are naturally motivated to avoid pain.
c. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif moral beliefs are a product of the culture in which one lives.
d. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif no human action is "caused" in the scientific sense of the word.
12. While ample scientific research supports the existence of variables that potentially limit free will, there is very little (if any) real empirical evidence that human beings have free will.
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif True
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif False
13. A commonly cited reason in support of free will is simply the feeling of freedom, which suggests something as follows: When we make choices, we feel that have freely chosen-we feel that we could have chosen or done otherwise if we had wanted to-and, consequently, if we feel that we have made a choice, then we must have freely made that choice.
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif True
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif False
14. These two questions raise the issue and challenge of relativism in ethics-an important concern not only within ethics, but also within the realm of crime, law, and justice. (1) Are there eternal moral values, or are all moral values merely human constructions that vary by time and place? And (2) Do human beings, by nature, enjoy the sort of freedom that is necessary to make moral choices?
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif True
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif False
15. Self-defense and defense of others would be considered:
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif mitigating circumstances.
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif justifications for criminal conduct.
c. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif excuses for criminal conduct.
d. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif defensible prohibitions.
16. Choice, it could be argued, is the very cornerstone of ethics and morality.
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif True
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif False
17. When used as a criminal defense, involuntary intoxication would be classified as a justification for criminal wrongdoing.
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif True
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif False
18. Moral responsibility or blameworthiness that attaches to persons who freely and knowingly engage in wrongful actions is sometimes referred to as:
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif causality.
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif culpability.
c. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif mitigation.
d. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif legal cause.
19. Metaphysics is a subfield of philosophy that asks such questions as, "What kinds Of things exist?" and "What is the nature of those things?"
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif True
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif False
20. If we argued that a person's decision to rob a bank was motivated by an unconscious desire to be punished for her previous sins, we would be making a deterministic argument.
a. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconrad1.gif True
b. https://student.allied.edu/Images/iconradio.gif False