Describing what managers do is not easy because, just as no organizations are alike, neither are managers’ jobs. Despite the fact, managers do share some common job elements, whether the manager is a Head –marketing in the consumer product company overseeing a staff of marketing specialists or the president of a university handling more than 200 team members. Management researchers have developed three approaches to describe what managers do: functions, roles, and skills/ competencies. Describe the three approaches in detail with supporting examples.