Problem
A. Describe why the heart cannot go into tetanus.
B. How does cardiac muscle differ from skeletal muscle in terms of how the SR is stimulated to release Ca2+?
C. What is the intrinsic conduction system (ICS)?
D. List and describe the sequence of excitation (for the ICS).
E. What is fibrillation and why is it bad?
F. List and describe four types of arrhythmias.
G. Describe the two types of extrinsic innervations of the heart and how they work.
H. List the diastolic and systolic events of an ECG tracing. Explain what is happening at each event (P,QRS,T).
I. Name the periods of the cardiac cycle where all four valves are closed.
J. Which factor (HR or SV) have the greatest influence on CO? Explain why.
K. What is ESV and EDV?
L. The heart beats on average 75 times a minute. If the external nervous control of the heart was removed, what would you expect the HR to be? Why?
M. Describe three ways heart rate can be influenced by chemicals in the blood or body fluid.
N. Describe four types of congestive heart failure.
O. Describe what the result would be if the left side of the heart fails.
P. Describe what the result would be if the right side of the heart fails.