1. In operant conditioning, when something unpleasant follows a response it is called _____________________, whereas when something pleasant is taken away following a response it is called ____________________.
a. negative reinforcement / positive reinforcement
b. negative punishment / positive punishment
c. positive reinforcement / negative reinforcement
d. positive punishment / negative punishment
2. According to the operant conditioning principle of shaping, if you want your dog to ring a bell three times, how should you begin?
a. talk quietly to your dog about ringing the bell.
b. begin by reinforcing your dog for ringing the bell once.
c. begin by reinforcing your dog only for ringing the bell three times.
d. punish the dog for ringing the bell only once.
3. Two-year-old Amanda has become afraid of the bath water because of an unfortunate fall she had in her last bath. So her father puts just a little water in the tub and gives Amanda a lolliipop to enjoy while she is being washed. Soon Amanda loses her fear of the bath. What learning technique has her father used?
a. latent learning
b. stimulus generalization
c. spontaneous recovery
d. counterconditioning
4. When a new, learned response occurs to a previously neutral stimulus, it is called ________.
a. a conditioned stimulus
b. an unconditioned response
c. spontaneous recovery
d. a conditioned response
5. Jack is a fan of McDonald's (believe it or not). He simply loves the food there. Even the sight of a McDonald's store causes his stomach to grumble and he feels hungry. One afternoon, he sees a picture of Ronald McDonald in a magazine, and Jack realizes he feels hungry because his stomach is rumbling. This is an example of:
a. a serious disturbance.
b. latent learning.
c. higher-order conditioning.
d. spontaneous recovery.
6. Kyla wants to make sure that her dog Maxie does not beg for food from the table. Every time that Maxie begs, Kyla says, "No," in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using ________.
a. stimulus generalization
b. punishment
c. counterconditioning
d. negative reinforcement
7. Lydia trains her dog by giving him a reward every time he sits up on his hind legs. Joanne trains her dog to do the same trick, but gives him a reward every once in a while. After a month, Joanne's dog still reliably performs the trick, but Lydia's dog does so haphazardly, and only when a reward is provided. Why is there a difference?
a. Joanne used primary reinforcement, whereas Lydia used higher-order conditioning.
b. Lydia used primary reinforcement, whereas Joanne used higher-order conditioning.
c. Joanna has a better relationship with her dog than Lydia has with her dog.
d. Joanne used intermittent reinforcement, whereas Lydia used continuous reinforcement.